Dark Fleet Dilemma: Why the Shadow Maritime Industry Needs Immediate Regulation

By H.E Shaikh Khaled Al-Sabah, , Managing Director, International Marketing, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation & Acting CEO, Kuwait Oil Tanker Co.

Dark Fleet Dilemma: Why the Shadow Maritime Industry Needs Immediate Regulation

As we move deeper into 2025, the maritime energy landscape faces a profound challenge—one that threatens market stability, environmental safety, and global governance: the rise of the so-called “dark fleet.” This shadow shipping network has rapidly expanded, facilitating the transport of sanctioned oil, particularly from Russia and Iran, under G7-imposed sanctions. While this parallel system has filled a market void, its unchecked growth poses severe risks.


The dark fleet operates beyond the boundaries of conventional maritime regulations. Ships turn off their transponders, conduct covert ship-to-ship transfers, and use dubious insurance frameworks to transport oil. This clandestine activity undermines the integrity of the maritime industry, creating a two-tier system—one governed by international law and the other operating in a regulatory vacuum.


What’s at stake if this continues unchecked? For starters, the risks to environmental safety are enormous. A collision, spill, or other accident involving a dark fleet vessel could lead to devastating consequences. Without adhering to established safety and operational standards, these vessels expose the marine ecosystem to potential disasters. Consider the incident in 2024 in the Straits of Malacca: a collision involving a dark fleet tanker highlighted the precariousness of this shadow industry. Should similar events occur on a larger scale, the fallout could be catastrophic, disrupting vital trade routes and tarnishing the reputation of the global shipping industry.


The insurance sector also faces significant risks. Many dark fleet vessels operate with fraudulent or nonexistent insurance documentation. If these vessels are involved in accidents or environmental incidents, the financial burden could ripple across legitimate insurers and the broader shipping community, creating unprecedented legal and financial complexities.


Moreover, the dark fleet’s existence disrupts market dynamics. By evading sanctions, these operators skew supply-demand balances, often undercutting legitimate players. This not only undermines efforts to enforce global sanctions but also jeopardizes the trust and reliability that underpin energy trading and transport.


The international community must act decisively to address this growing threat. A unified global insurance framework could be a starting point, as Sheikh Khaled Ahmad Al-Sabah suggested during a recent interview. By centralizing oversight and enforcement mechanisms—perhaps under the United Nations—governments and industry leaders could bring the dark fleet under some level of control. While eliminating the shadow fleet entirely may be unrealistic, establishing clear boundaries and accountability measures is essential to mitigate its impact.


The implications of inaction extend far beyond the energy sector. If the dark fleet continues to grow unchecked, it will embolden other industries to exploit regulatory gaps, setting a dangerous precedent. The maritime industry, once a model of global cooperation, could devolve into a fragmented, lawless domain, with profound implications for global trade and economic stability.


For nations like Kuwait, which rely heavily on maritime transport for oil exports, this issue is particularly pressing. Sheikh Khaled emphasized the importance of maintaining steady, reliable supply chains amid shifting market dynamics. However, the rise of the dark fleet adds a layer of unpredictability, forcing legitimate operators to navigate increasingly complex waters.


Kuwait Oil Tanker Company (KOTC) has already taken proactive measures to ensure the safety of its fleet, rerouting tankers when necessary to avoid high-risk areas like the Red Sea. But such adjustments come at a cost, both financially and operationally. If the dark fleet continues to expand, these challenges will only intensify, straining resources and potentially eroding Kuwait’s competitive edge in global energy markets.


The dark fleet also represents a broader geopolitical dilemma. Its very existence is a byproduct of sanctions—an instrument of foreign policy aimed at pressuring certain states. While sanctions serve legitimate purposes, their unintended consequences, such as the creation of a shadow shipping network, highlight the need for more nuanced approaches to global governance. Addressing this issue will require not only industry-level interventions but also coordinated diplomatic efforts to reconcile energy security with political objectives.


As we look to the future, the maritime industry must prioritize resilience and adaptability. The rise of the dark fleet is a stark reminder of the challenges that lie ahead in an increasingly fragmented and volatile global landscape. By fostering collaboration across governments, regulatory bodies, and industry stakeholders, we can address this issue before it spirals out of control.


What’s at stake is not just the integrity of the maritime sector but the broader stability of global trade and energy markets. The time to act is now. By confronting the dark fleet head-on, we can safeguard the principles of transparency, accountability, and cooperation that underpin the global energy system, ensuring a safer, more sustainable future for all.


SOURCE: @GI The 15th Global Energy Outlook Forum 2025


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IndraStra Global: Dark Fleet Dilemma: Why the Shadow Maritime Industry Needs Immediate Regulation
Dark Fleet Dilemma: Why the Shadow Maritime Industry Needs Immediate Regulation
By H.E Shaikh Khaled Al-Sabah, , Managing Director, International Marketing, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation & Acting CEO, Kuwait Oil Tanker Co.
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