Poland’s Border Wall Will Cut Europe’s Oldest Forest in Half

By Katarzyna Nowak, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, and Michał Żmihorski

The European bison is back from the edge of extinction, and Białowieża has the continent’s largest population. Michał Żmihorski , Author provided
Cover Image Attribute: The European bison is back from the edge of extinction, and Białowieża has the continent’s largest population. Michał Żmihorski , Author provided

By Katarzyna Nowak,   Bogdan Jaroszewicz, and Michał Żmihorski

Poland is planning to build a wall along its border with Belarus, primarily to block migrants fleeing the Middle East and Asia. But the wall would also divide the vast and ancient Białowieża Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage site that harbors more than 12,000 animal species and includes the largest remnants of the primeval forest that once covered most of lowland Europe.

Frontiers like this are of conservation priority because they often host unique biodiversity and ecosystems but are increasingly threatened by border fortification. We are experts in forest ecosystems and two of us combined have more than three decades of experience working in Białowieża, at the intersections of forest, plant, and bird ecology. In the journal Science, we recently described how the border wall planned by Poland would jeopardize this transboundary forest.

The core of Białowieża is characterized by an old-growth forest rich in dead and decaying wood on which mosses, lichens, fungi, insects, and also many vertebrates depend. Big animals such as the European bison, boar, lynx, and wolf inhabit the forest on both sides of the border.

Białowieża Forest is rich in dead and decaying wood. Michał Żmihorski, Author provided
Image Attribute: Białowieża Forest is rich in dead and decaying wood. Michał Żmihorski, Author provided

A wall would block the movement of these animals, for instance preventing brown bears from recolonizing the Polish side of the forest where they were recently observed after a long absence. The wall would also risk plant invasions and would mean noise and light pollution that will displace wildlife. The influx of people and vehicles, and already accumulated garbage (mainly plastics) also pose risks, including disease – we already know that humans can transmit COVID to wild species, like deer.

Around 60% of the 1,500 km2 forest is in Belarus. Damian Pankowiec / shutterstock
Image Attribute: Around 60% of the 1,500 km2 forest is in Belarus. Damian Pankowiec / shutterstock

Poland’s wall will be 5.5 meters high, solid, with barbed wire at the top, and will replace a 130 km provisional 2.5m high razor-wire fence built during summer to autumn 2021. This wall will be high enough to affect low-flying birds, such as grouse.

Impeding wildlife more than people

Poland’s proposed wall resembles the barrier built along with parts of the US-Mexico border. Research there based on camera traps shows that such walls deter people less than they impede wildlife. Animals affected by the US-Mexico barrier include jaguars, pygmy owls, and a bison herd whose food and water was split by the border.

The fences across Europe are highly varied, and no mitigation standards exist. A razor-wire fence, constructed in 2015 by Slovenia along its border with Croatia, killed deer and herons with a mortality rate of 0.12 ungulates (hoofed mammals) per kilometer of fence. Along the Hungary-Croatia border, mortality in the first 28 months following the construction of a fence was higher, at 0.47 ungulates per kilometer. Large congregations of red deer were also observed at the fence-line which could spread disease and upset the predator-prey dynamic by making them easier for wolves to catch.

Red deer: a favourite food for Białowieża’s many wolves. Marcin Zakrzewski / shutterstock
Image Attribute: Red deer: a favorite food for Białowieża’s many wolves. Marcin Zakrzewski / shutterstock

People can and will use ramps, tunnels, and alternative routes by air and sea, whereas wildlife often cannot. Walls have a big human cost too. They may redirect people, and to lesser extent wildlife, to more dangerous routes, for example, river crossings or deserts, which may intersect with areas of high natural or cultural value.

Physical barriers such as fences and walls now line 32,000 kilometers of borders worldwide with significant increases over the past few decades. According to one recent study, nearly 700 mammal species could now find it difficult to cross into different countries, thwarting their adaptation to climate change. The fragmentation of populations and habitats means reduced gene flow within species and less resilient ecosystems.

Border security over climate action

According to the Transnational Institute, wealthy nations are prioritizing border security over climate action, which contravenes pledges made at COP26 such as protecting the world’s forests. Some of the 257 World Heritage forests are now releasing more carbon than they absorb, but Białowieża Forest is still a healthy, well-connected landscape. Poland’s border wall would put this at risk.

The construction of such walls also tends to bypass or be at odds with environmental laws. They devalue conservation investment and hamper cross-boundary cooperation. It was already hard for us to collaborate with fellow scientists from Belarus – the new wall will make cross-border scientific work even harder.

It is possible to mitigate the effects of certain border barriers. But that requires, at the very least, identifying at-risk species and habitats, designing fences to minimize ecological harm, and targeting mitigation at known wildlife crossing points. It may also mean assisted migration across a barrier for certain species. To our best knowledge, no formal assessment of either social or environmental costs has yet been carried out in the case of Poland’s planned wall.

It’s time conservation biologists made themselves heard, particularly when it comes to the issue of border barriers. As climate change threatens to disrupt borders and migratory patterns of people and of wildlife, we will need to reform, not only policies and frameworks but also how we perceive borders.

This is already happening without us as “natural borders flood, drift, crumble, or dry up”. Walls – like reactive travel bans – are out of sync with the global solidarity and coordinated actions we urgently need to safeguard life on earth.The Conversation

About the Authors:

Katarzyna Nowak, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Department of Biology, University of Warsaw; Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Professor of Biology and Director of Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, and Michał Żmihorski, Biogeography Research Leader, Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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IndraStra Global: Poland’s Border Wall Will Cut Europe’s Oldest Forest in Half
Poland’s Border Wall Will Cut Europe’s Oldest Forest in Half
By Katarzyna Nowak, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, and Michał Żmihorski
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