In this article, the theory of information security is written as a context of national security. Article is devoted to an actual problem of legal support of information security in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
By Aizhan Pernebekovna Pernebekova and Beisenkulov Ayazbi
Ahbergenovich
Abstract
In this article,
the theory of information security is written as a context of national
security. Article is devoted to an actual problem of legal support of
information security in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors analyzes modern
problems and threats of information security in the conditions of globalization
and considers aspects of information security. This article focuses on issues
of spreading harmful information, which negatively affects the psyche,
behavior, health, society and destabilizes the government administration. The
article makes the case for improving the legislation of the Republic of
Kazakhstan in strengthening informational security of individuals, society, the
state, and measures to prevent the destructive impact of harmful information.
Keywords: Harmful
Information, Information Security, Negative Information
In the beginning
of the third millennium when the informational society is being established,
the information security is taking a leading role in the system of national
security. Therefore, formation of one integrated information security policy
and its terms of development require priority. Thus the aim of the article is
to research political mechanisms of providing information security, and define
conceptual basis and principles of information security. In the Address to the
people of Kazakhstan “Prosperity, security and ever growing welfare of all the
Kazakhstanis” national security is defined as a long-term priority and one of
the main aspects of national security is information security. In his later
Addresses and during Security board sessions, the president mentioned necessity
of developing the system of terms on information security [2]
.
Information
security is relatively a new term which appeared at the end of XX century.
General information theory, notion of information security became the object of
research from the mid of the last century, onrush of information technologies
and quick involvement of the countries which have just recently turned their
development path to catalyst power of developed countries, that is worldwide
globalization process, strengthening the actuality of information security.
The Constitution
of the Republic of Kazakhstan establishes only general provisions of
prohibiting the distribution of harmful information, on this basis we can
conclude that harmful information is clearly equated to illegal information.
For example the clause 3 of article 13 in the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan
“On mass media” issued on 23rd of July, 1999 constates the basis for stopping
to issue or distribute mass media: disclosure of information constituting state
secrets or other secrets protected by law, information dissemination, revealing
the techniques and tactics of anti-terrorist operations during their
implementation, promotion of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and
precursors, propaganda or agitation of cult of cruelty and violence, social,
racial, national, religious, class and tribal superiority, the transmission of
radio, television programs, and pornographic and sexual-erotic film and video
demonstration, use of media for breaching the pre election campaign, for
execution of activities by foreigners, stateless persons, foreign legal bodies,
interfering and (or) promoting the nominating or electing of candidates,
political parties that nominate party list and achieving certain results in
elections, campaigning while its prohibited, forcing to participate or not
participate in the strike.
General
information theory, notion of information security became the objects of
research from the mid of the last century, onrush of information technologies
and quick involvement of the countries which have just recently turned their development
path to catalyst power of developed countries, that is worldwide globalization
process, strengthening the actuality of information security. However it is
worth mentioning of works of several Kazakhstani researchers who wrote about
information policy.
Famous political
scientist G. Zh. Ibrayeva scientifically justified role and position of mass
media in conditions of forming democratic society in Kazakhstan. She also
researched impact of mass media, media system establishment in the country,
state unity saving in conditions of entering the world information space,
saving of culture and mentality of Kazakhstan people to information security.
In his doctorate
thesis Y. K. Aliyarov paid attention to aspects of international and legal
framework of country’s information security as well as to methodological issues
of informational policy establishment in conditions of global informational
support. Some suggestions of Y. K. Aliyarov were reflected in information
security concept of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Documents,
analyzing ways of current legal acts, structural and functional methods act as
a methodological basis of the article. Actuality of this article is related to
factors and conditions established in society below:
First, dynamic
development of information technologies which play significant role in
political and economic, socio-cultural life of society and state demands high
requirements of solving information security issues, it means dependence of
national security form information security is going to raise.
Second,
development of globalization process is aligned with economic factors in the
country as well as with information process and conditions of entering world
information space. In conditions of entering worldwide information space and formation
of national security in our country information security should be considered
as an essential and exigent part of external and internal policy.
Third, in
economic structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan in conditions where sector of
raw materials prevail issues of training specialists in this sphere,
development of information and communication techniques, technologies which
play an important role in information security require their thorough
consideration.
Fourth,
information expansion of developed countries is strengthening in conditions of
world globalization, in its turn it impacts to social, cultural aspects and
independence of the country. Therefore researching technical, technological,
legal aspects of information security along with humanitarian issues always has
been important.
And the reasons
for their termination are propaganda or agitation of forced change of the
constitutional structure, violation of integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
undermining of state security, war, propaganda of extremism or terrorism,
publication and dissemination of information materials aimed at inciting ethnic
and religious hatred (paragraph 4 of Article 13 of the Law of the Republic of
Kazakhstan “On the mass media” dated 23 July 1999).
The definition
of harmful information in the legal context for the first time was given by I.
L. Bachilo. In her opinion, the harmful information its a such information “the
dissemination or use of which entails the need to protect legal entities from
its negative impact.” But this is not the only definition of harmful
information. Others understand by this the massive information, i.e. that is
not confidential which damage entities as a result of its use or disseminating.
Note that the definitions of harmful information are generalized and without
specifying. However I. Panarin attempted to define them concretely, and as an
information that can negatively affect the human psyche he refers the
information that creates negative character and specially selected negative
facts of reality that may be transmitted on television and in newspapers,
information flow to extract one thing from which is impossible.
A. V. Minbaleev
[6]
lists the harmful information types:
-false
(doubtful, incomplete, inaccurate, corrupted);
-propaganda of
pornography, violence, cruelty;
-inciting
social, racial, national or religious hatred, hostility and superiority;
-destructively influencing
on the psyche of the people;
-information
about the unhealthy goods and services with limited turnover;
-offences;
-harmful to the
health, moral and spiritual development of children;
-improper
advertising.
Based on the
above mentioned the classification of harmful information can be represented as
follows:
-false
information, incomplete, corrupted, inaccurate, also imposed;
-inciting
social, racial, national or religious hatred, hostility and enmity;
-obscene;
-destructively
affects not only on the human psyche, but also on health.
However, in
Kazakhstan’s legislation there are no clear criteria for determining harmful
information, no any explanation of the “harmful information” concept, there is
no provision on execution of an examination by its definition, also it does not
contain any rule governing the mechanism for dissemination of this information.
Information and
legal security of the person is the protection of all rights relating to the
admission to information, which in its turn includes seeking, receiving,
possessing, transfer, distribution, copying, non-proliferation, the creation of
information.
We should take
into account the fact that human consciousness and sub consciousness can be
manipulated due to the effect of information. Undoubtedly, manipulation
specifically aimed at harming can harm one person as well as indefinite group
of people. Manipulation is possible in any sphere of human activity. In the
religious sphere the manipulation is aimed at attracting new believers into a
particular religious group, in which they became zombie obedient to their
leaders directions.
Therefore, the
information security of the person forms by protecting the information from
threats and harm, by protecting the individual from harmful information.
In general,
information security is a feature of all social activities and information
process that provides life and development of humanity, turns human life into
developed humanistic and information civilization, helps to prevent and
eliminate irrelevant problems of informational support [7]
. It means that only in conditions of providing information security
informatization process of society acting as a development source can turn
human life into intellectual and humanistic feature on the basis of information
usage [8] .
It is known that
information security is one of the main fields of national security of every
country. Law “On the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan”: states
“information security-defense state of state information resources and
individual rights, society interests in information field”.
Currently issues
of providing information security are relevant not only to our country, but
also to all developed countries. Information systems in different spheres of
life and resource using experience are indicating various risks of losing
information which lead to material and other expenses. Moreover reaching of
full security of information is a very complicated issue.
It is known if
state authorities who make decisions on important issues are not provided with
full, genuine and on time information then making precise and reasonable
decisions would be hard. Some time ago US president R. Nicholson said “1 dollar
spent for false information and outreach is more important than 10 dollars
spent for making weapons”. Industry of information editing reached global
degree. Complex changes in modern day human society, technologies of data
editing influence on significance of information security issues. For instance,
according to foreign bibliography sources, at the end of 70’s service type in
gathering, editing and using of information reached 46% of product in US
national turnover and made 53% of total salary sum [5]
. Creation of “electronic” money (credit cards) caused money theft in big
amounts. It is possible to find much information on data theft from editing
systems of automated data in press and different sources, it demonstrates
significance and actuality of mentioned issues.
Providing of
information security contains of a set of terms’ system on providing
information security and its tools as well as its subjects. The system of terms
on providing information security is mainly characterized by significance
direction, aim, principles, implementation objects and methods [9]
.
The most
important of providing information security is legal level. Set of arrangements
directed to creating of non-tolerant view to people who violate information
security and infringing of information security belong to this level. The most important thing in this level is to create mechanism of law issuing which can
follow the progress of information technologies. For sure, predicting
everything in advance and issue the law according to it is impossible. However
process of law issuing should not be in arrears of development process of
information technologies. Because it can lead to information security
reduction. One of the requirements of legal level is to correspond each state
standards on information technologies and information security with
international standards.
Since declaring
our independence a lot of law and Presidential decrees, governmental orders on
development of information technologies, information security, information
defense, information relation were published. It starts with the main articles
of the Republic of Kazakhstan on information security of state policy and
regulated by laws “On national security”, “On state secrets”, “On
informatization”, Presidential decrees, governmental orders, state programs and
interstate documents. 22nd article on providing information security is
considered in law “On national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan”. In 7th
March of 2004 article on “Providing security in communication sphere” was added
to this law.
Law “On state
secrets” defines legal basis and integrated system of protection of state
secrets on providing national security for the benefit of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, it regulates social relations which come out of referring the data
to state secrets, secreting them, ruling them, protecting and disclosing these
secrets. Definitions to the following notions are given in the law: “state
secrets”, “state secret”, “confidential information”, “secret sign”, “data
sources which are state secrets”, “protection system of state secrets”.
Different
information types which are considered as state secrets are shown by this law.
For instance, in the following spheres different information types which are
considered as state secrets of the Republic of Kazakhstan are given:
information on military sphere in 11th article, information on economics,
science and technique in 12th article, information of foreign political and
economical fields in 13th article, information on intelligence,
counterintelligence, strategic search services and etc. In addition
arrangements of referring the data to state secrets, order of secreting the
data sources which are state secrets, data and principles of secreting their
sources, secrecy level of data and secrecy sign of data sources, data and
disclosing their secret sources, providing with information that is devoted to
integrated and other works, giving secret information to foreign countries,
giving permission of secret information to authorities of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, citizens, and foreigners, certificating ways of protection tools of
state secrets are indicated in the law.
Security policy
is formed on the basis of analyses about the exact threats, which are dangerous
for informational systems of organization. After analyzing possible threats and
identifying protection strategy, the programme maintaining the information
security will be adopted. Resources will be divided and responsible people will
be appointed and the progress control will be identified according to this
programme.
In the Ph.D.
thesis “The development strategy of information policy of the Republic of
Kazakhstan during the transition period” by A. Sarsenbaev, the aspects of
information security were classified as external and internal:
The external
aspect of information security is the necessity of organizing protection from
the corrupted, false, aggressive and other external data, which affect
negatively on the internal stability of a country, social and political
processes and national identity. Keeping country’s information security is that
the government has rights to protect its national informational space from the
external danger according to the interests of society and government.
The internal
aspect of information security is to protect informational space against
internal information which run counter to the national security, territorial
integrity of a country, independence and interests of citizenry. The formation
of the national informational system competitive with informational systems of
other countries, preventive measures of national channels from external
“attacks” are also considered as the internal informational system.
Currently,
different types of mass media, also research papers, symposiums and conferences
are mentioning the globalization process about which the whole world concerned.
Globalization is
to attract the whole world to open system of financial and economic,
socio-political and cultural relations using the advanced technology and
informational space. This is an objective process, and now it accelerated [1]
. Informatization of the world gives an opportunity to increase the role of
non-governmental structures along with traditional players of international
relations, governments. In our modern society, the new field, i.e. information
sphere is coming out on top. Information sphere differentiates with the new
contradictions formed in the result of fight directed to information and to
acquirement of information as a new resource. Because of that, new threats related
to the cyber security are appeared. In this case, there will be formed new view
point to the notion “national security” as the most important function of
government. In the case of globalization, also the notion “military force” will
be changed, and the importance of information weapon increases compared to old
traditional weapon. The improvement of the role of information technology in
the sphere of security led to the introduction of new concept like “information
war” in the structure of army force on the part of west countries, especially
the USA.
The provided
details are only one of examples related to economic, technical aspects of the
information security. Regarding the social-spiritual security, it is a natural
phenomenon to have adverse effects as well as benefits of overall IT
penetration in out society as the process of accessing to the global
information space develops. The influence of mass media culture surely may move
away the national culture on the second place. Because we can often see in any
types of mass media, also Internet network compared to the level of mass media
many materials that are inappropriate for our culture, education, It is
perfectly clean that different programs and movies propagandizing violence,
war, pornography in newspapers, magazines, TV have bad influence on youngsters
and teenagers. If some call it “weaponless war”, some are calling as
“informational war”, “information battle”. American experts listed the
following ways of informational counter actions (informational war,
informational weapon):
-control system
warfare;
-informational-reconnaissance
operations;
-electronic
warfare;
-against hackers
(computer crime);
-informational
and psychological warfare;
-cybernetic
warfare;
-network warfare
(including the informational terrorism);
-economical-informational
warfare [10] .
Generally, the
aim of informational war, which is the danger for every country now, is that
certain country (union of countries) takes dominance on informational sphere,
and influences on their enemies explicitly or implicitly using available
information resources, control their actions. In this case, it requires huge
material and intellectual inputs, and a lot of time to restore the defeated
part.
The
informational warfare isn’t used by the defense forces, and aimed to military
objects. Other government organs and organizations, industrial and commercial
structures participate in the informational warfare, and conduct their
informational operations effecting on the solution of a conflict that take
place. Therefore, we can say that the informational warfare is the complex of
measures and operations oriented to provide the informational superiority
comparison with opponents, and conducted by defense forces and other
organizations in the interest of state national security.
Nowadays, the
rate and capital of informational business are growing fast compared to other
business. People who were in time and gave “interesting” information are
earning money. Therefore, particular information is given in different form, in
different content and finally it will be unknown which of them is right and
which of them is wrong. It is obvious that user is not always able to clarify the
true facts of the matter. It violates the right of individual of getting true
information and intellectual proprietary rights of the owners of information.
In this case, international network Internet plays a significant role, it may
be used as an instrument of influence which propagandizes international
terrorism, international dissension and religious extremism because of its
openness and accessibility. The spiritual life requires public ideology which
was prepared taking into account the interests of several ethnic groups who
live in a particular area, their cultural and historical traditions in order to
prevent and deactivate threats of informational security. It is said that the
clear measures of evaluating the dangers of information security, main advantages
in this area and state policy may be stated on the base of such ideology.
Information
security in Kazakhstan is actual in all areas of society. It is clear that
development of the process of globalization is directly related to information
process, conditions of introducing to the world information space together with
economic factors in the country. Therefore information space and its
participants such as state structure, mass media, social organizations,
individual citizens play an important role in forming and praising national
soul and national patriotism.
Results of the
conducted investigations give opportunities to suggest in the following
theoretical and practical directions:
Ÿ One of the
main political mechanisms to provide with the information security is to
improve acts of normative and legal system in accordance with the process of
technology developments. Teaching, explaining, helping works should be
conducted in the process of law adoption, not prohibition and deterrence. The
law in use is generally directed to secure information resources and the right
of state power together with the state interests in the information field. Free
access to information which is defined with the constitution of citizens, also
legal acts that regulate the rights of information security, are not enough.
Therefore, it is necessary to make the laws, such as “Information and
information security”, “About separate information”. It is also necessary to
pay attention to appropriateness of laws, which are adopted, will be adopted,
changed and completed, and other normative right acts in version written in the
national speech and Russian language [11]
-[14]
.
Ÿ It is
necessary to provide citizens with the right to get information on the function
of the government body, improve the system “electronic government” used in
order to increase types of electronic services for people, government bodies
participated in the system, social organizations and access of citizens to the
information resources and the security of information resources. State power
bodies which participate in the system and vertically directed connection in
exchange of information between the people are established. There is the
insufficiency of horizontal communication between government bodies. Also low
level of openness in the local self-control bodies, bureaucratic corruption attempts,
lack of professional specialists and low level of their wages are reasons of
that there are no works devoted to the security of state secrets appropriate to
their level in the field of “electronic administration” program and measures
that are obligatory to do.
About The Authors:
L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana,
Republic of Kazakhstan
Cite this Article:
Aizhan
PernebekovnaPernebekova,Beisenkulov AyazbiAhbergenovich, (2015) Information
Security and the Theory of Unfaithful Information. Journal of
Information Security,06,265-272. doi:10.4236/jis.2015.64026
Publication Details:
Journal of Information Security, Vol.06 No.04(2015),
Article ID:59476,7 pages 10.4236/jis.2015.64026
Copyright © 2015 by authors and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CCBY).
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