By Yao Chaocheng and Cui Likun Abstract The concurrent regional cooperation in Asia is going on in a strong trend. China ...
By Yao Chaocheng and Cui Likun
Abstract
The concurrent regional cooperation in Asia is going on in a strong trend. China and India, the two Asian giants, are actively participating in the process, both playing important roles. The two are the two most populous countries and fastest growing major economies in the world. Through the resultant growths, their political and economic influence has increased the significance of the bilateral relationship. However, following Prof. Samuel Huntington’s paradigm of “Clash of Civilizations” in 1996, Dr. Daniel Twining, a British scholar, in 2005 negatively predicated that economically Asian nations may go together, but socially and politically shall still be divided from each other (Twining, 2005). The Asian regional unification course requires not only economic integration, but also political and social cooperation and coordination. India and China have had relations for more than 2000 years, but the modern relationship still reflects complexity. In the paper, the Sino-India relationship shall be studied in ranges of economics, cultures and ideologies in frame of the Asia regionalization.
Keywords: Asian Economic Integration, India, China, Relation
1. Historical
Relations of China and India
Being the
world’s two oldest civilizations and neighbors, China and India have had more
than 2000 years of cultural exchanges. In Asoka Period (273-232 BC) India,
Hinayana Buddhism was introduced into China (Yunnan Province) via Ceylon and
Burma. Then the Mahayana Buddhism was introduced along the Silk Road into
central China. China monk FA Xian visited India in 402 AD and lived there for
10 years. He brought back to China many Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures and
translated them into Chinese. In 629 AD, Tang Seng (Xuan Zang) started his long
and hard journey of 50,000 km to India, via Xinjiang, Aghuganistan, Pakistan
for about two years. He
spent 16 years in India learning and teaching Buddhism. When returning to
China, he brought back 657 volumes of Buddhist books in Sanskrit (Backus,
2002).
India monk Kumarajiva was invited to China in 401 AD, and the Sutra was
translated into Chinese then and that is still valuable nowadays. In the 5th
century, India monk Bodhi Damour became the first Zen master in the Shaolin
Temple, China. The White Horse Temple in north-east Luoyang City, Henan
Province, China, was built with technical consultancy of Indian monks in 75 AD.
The earliest India Buddhist missionaries Dharmaratna and Molten were teaching
in the temple (Tan Chung, 1998). To commemorate the historical tie, Indian
Government donated funds to build an Indian style Buddhist temple in the original
location, in city of Luoyang.
The bilateral trade began as early as in 600 BC
when the silk made in China was sold in India. The trading went through 300 AD
together with cultural exchange, reaching to high tide in the years of 618-907
AD, TANG Dynasty (Tan Chung, 1998). While the Buddhism declined in India and in
period of Colonist expansion, the bilateral cultural exchange declined.
The
bilateral cultural and economic relations date back to ancient times. The Silk
Road not only served as a major trade route between India and China, but also
is credited for facilitating the spread of Buddhism from India to East Asia.
During the 19th century, China’s growing opium trade with the British Raj
triggered the First and Second Opium Wars. During World War
II, India and China played a crucial role in halting the progress of invasion
of the Imperial Japan (Williams, 2004).
2. The Concurrent Bilateral Relation
In modern era, a
historical event occurred in China was that in April 1924, India poet, Asia’s
first Nobel literature prize winner Rabindranath Tagore came to Shanghai,
China. He had visited cities of Hangzhou, Nanjing, Beijing, Taiyuan and Wuhan
for giving lectures. Tagore was warmly welcomed by Chinese scholars. Another
historical event happened in India was that, under guidance of Tagore, Prof.
Dr. TAN Yunshan set up school of China Studies affiliated with International
University of India in 1937. In 1938, India government dispatched a medical
team (inc. Dr. Dwarkanath Kotnis) to China to help Chinese to fight against
Japanese invaders. In the year of 1939-1940, China’s great artist XU Beihong
visited India. China and India are separated by the formidable geographical
obstacles of the Himalayas, sharing today a border along the Himalayas with
Nepal and Bhutan acting as buffer states. Parts of the disputed Kashmir region
claimed by India are also claimed and administered by either Pakistan (Azad
Kashmir and Gilgit and Baltistan) or by the PRC (Aksai Chin). The Government of
Pakistan on its maps shows the Aksai Chin area as mostly within China and
labels the boundary “Frontier Undefined” while India holds that Aksai Chin is
illegally occupied by the PRC. China and India also dispute most of Arunachal
Pradesh at the far eastern end of the Himalayas. However, both countries have
agreed to respect the Line of Actual Control there; the area just north of
Tawang is seen as a potential flashpoint (Antony, 2009). Therefore, the
relations between contemporary China and India in the years of 1960-1990 had
been characterized by border disputes, resulting in three major military
conflicts—the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Chola incident in 1967, and the 1987
Sino-Indian skirmish (Rubin, 1990).
However, since the late 1980s, both
countries have successfully attempted to reignite diplomatic and economic ties.
In 2008, China emerged as India’s largest trading partner and the two countries
have also attempted to extend their strategic and military relations. Despite
growing economic and strategic ties, there are several hurdles for India and
China to overcome in order to establish favorable relations. Though bilateral
trade has continuously grown, India faces massive trade imbalance heavily in
favor of China. The two countries have failed to resolve their long-standing
border dispute and Indian media outlets have repeatedly reported Chinese
military incursions into Indian territory. Both nations have steadily
established heavy military infrastructure along border areas. Additionally,
India remains wary about China’s strong strategic bilateral relations with
Pakistan, while China too has expressed concerns about Indian military and
economic activities in the disputed South China Sea. In June 2012, China stated
its position that “Sino-Indian ties” could be the most “important bilateral
partnership of the century”. In that month Wen Jiabao the former Premier of
China, and Manmohan Singh the former Prime Minister of India, set a goal to
increase bilateral trade between the two countries to US$100 billion by 2015
(Indian Embassy Web, 2013). According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 36% of
Indians view China positively, with 27% expressing a negative view, whereas 23%
of Chinese people view India positively, with 45% expressing a negative view
(BBC, 2013).
Though having economic cooperation and cultural exchanges, the two countries have ideological difference. Being a developing nation of democracy, politically India is weighted in favor of her western allies.
3. The Asian
Regional Economic Integration Process
Presently, regional cooperation in Asia is going on in a strong trend. The ASEAN, with her more than five decades experience for regional cooperation, is playing important role as an axle in the regional economic unification. China, India, Japan and Korea all go for FTA negotiations and arrangements with the ASEAN. So far, China has signed FTA agreement with 12 nations including the ASEAN, Singapore, Korea and Pakistan. “One Belt and One Road” strategy (Mo Hong’e, 2015) proposed by China may further promote the Asian economic integration. The Negotiations for the TPP—which involves the US and 12 other Asian-Pacific countries including Japan and Australia could be concluded in near future. India, the largest economy in south Asia, had been making active efforts to join in the regional economic cooperation in eastern Asia since 1990s. India’s recent performance indicates that the nation shall play more important role in Asian economic unification process. While the bilateral relation expecting to be improved as a result, India and China will continue to compete for influence in the region. This is evidenced by the fact that India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi will soon launch a new initiative to compete with China’s Maritime Silk Road (MSR) plan, known as Project Mausam (Pillalamarri, 2015). Even India is interested in potentially joining the MSR, as the plan is a boon to the economies of the entire region. However, India has to look out for its own strategic interests, since India is uniquely placed to play a major role in Indian Ocean security and trade. India’s location and power can serve to organize the states of the Indian Ocean littoral. Project Mausam would allow India to reestablish its ties with its ancient trade partners and re-establish an “Indian Ocean world” along the areas of the Indian Ocean. This world would stretch from east Africa, along the Arabian Peninsula, passing southern Iran to the major countries of South Asia and thence to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. In December 2005, the East Asia Summit had been held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, participating by 10 ASEAN Nations, China, Japan, Korea, India, and two non-Asian nations Australia and New Zealand. Since 2011, US and Russia were also invited to attend the Summit. On March 28, 2015, in the Boao Asian forum, Mr. Badawi, the former Malaysian Prime-Minister announced that the ASEAN Community shall be formed by Dec. 31, 2015 (Chung, 2015). It may take longer time, however it can be foreseen that the Asian Economic Community shall be in shape in the near future.
Figure 1: Shows the present realistic situation of Asian-Pacific economic integration mainly promoted by China (One Belt, One Road), by US (TPP) and by India (Project Mausam), but with ASEAN as an axle, participating by Japan and South Korea. This may further develop into the future Asian-Pacific FTA.
4. The Two
Emerging Powers:
When entering the new century, the world is moving on in three
basic changing trends: the change of population centers and economic centers;
the perversion of advanced production methodology and political & social
structures; the change of the international political order. The three trends
reveal that a few non-western nations will be emerging as the world
superpowers. China carries most potentialities among them. China’s pragmatic
opening & reform policy since 1978 made her economy recovering quickly.
After 37 years, China now is the No.2 economic power in the world after the US.
The Economy of India is the seventh-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the
third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country is one of the G-20
major economies, a member of BRICS and a developing economy among the top 20
global traders. According to the Indian Finance Ministry, the annual growth
rate of the Indian economy is projected to have increased to 7.4% in 2014-15 as
compared with 6.9% in the fiscal year 2013-14. In an annual report, the IMF
forecasts that the Indian Economy would grow by 7.5% percent in the 2015-16
fiscal year, even overtaking China’s annual growth rate (Runckel, 2013). Since
the economic liberalization of 1991, India’s GDP has been growing at a higher
rate.
Curves in Figure 2 made based on above-mentioned figures are showing the
growth rates of China and India from 2010 to 2015.
According to ADB Report on
Asian Economic Anticipation published on August 2, 2014, total Asian GDP taking
share of the world total shall be increasing from present 27% up to 52% by the
year of 2050 (Harner, 2015).
Graph in Figure
3 is made to show Steghen Harner’s predict that, if China and India could keep
on the growth rates, their weights taken in world total GDP shall respectively
be 20% and 16%, both surpassing that of the US only taking 12% by 2050. I
In long
term, India’s economic growth rate overtakes that of China is inevitable in
long run and the growth shows a tendency. Reason is simple. India has valuable
human capital, people under age 35 taking 65% of the total population that
shall enable India becoming the world factory replacing China (Zhao Youbin,
2015)
5. China and
India, Changing the World Structure
The rise of China and India as major world
powers promises to test the established global order in the coming decades. As
the two powers grow, they are bound to change the curre implications for
themselves. For the United States and the world, whether they agree or not on
the changes to be made, especially when coming to their relationship with the
West, the two nations will influence the system’s future character. China and
India’s sustained economic growth fuels their increasing geopolitical and
military influence. Despite their developmental similarities, China and India’s
bilateral strategic rivalry means that they have competing priorities on most
major global issues. Sino-Indian differences are considerable on issues
relating to the nonproliferation system, Asian security, regional stability in
Southern Asia, and security in the maritime commons, space, and cyberspace. The
two rising powers broadly agree on matters relating to the international
economic system, energy security, and environment. Because of its ongoing shift
to the Asia-Pacific and status as the only global superpower, the United States
must manage a complex set of relationships with China and India, which are at
times working at cross-purposes.
Although China has been re-positioned herself
as an equal partner in regional and international cooperation substituting the
erstwhile Cold War position as the leader of the third world. Under the new
policy, China is trying to act as a promoter in the regional unification
process, but not a leader, accepting the ASEAN as the center of the regional
cooperation structure. However, the rising socialist China inevitably makes
some other nations especially her neighbors worried about. In 2014, China’s
annual foreign trade volume reached USD 4 trillion, whereas that of US was 3.9
trillion. In the same year, China replaced US to have been the No.1 for
receiving the FDI of USD 128 billion. In the past 10 years, China’s FDI
invested overseas increased 11 times, whereas that of US was increased
four-thirds only (Hu Zuliu, 2015). China has now the third largest military
power in the world. The nature of the country’s political system, i.e. the
immediate effective of decision making, can be even more powerful. This has
made that some nations in the world, especially some Asian nations, fear that
China will rise to become a threatening superpower and a challenging force to
the international order. Much like China, economic interests have had a strong
impact on India’s involvement in the Asia-Pacific region. It is that neither
country remains confined to their geographic perimeters, and both countries
confront pressing demands for natural resources and energy that push them to
seek solutions farther afield. In market economic era, the competition is
normally necessary, but cooperation is the only way for two countries to go
with other Asian nations. Therefore, a middle solution is that China goes for
regional social and economic cooperation in Asia through collective leadership
with India coordinating with other Asian partners. India’s emerging and
participating in the collective leadership joining hands with China and Japan
in Asian regional unification process shall put impact upon the geopolitical
power structure of the Asia, and cooperating with US and EU making a true
multi-polar world in international system—with profound.
6. Conclusions:
According to Samuel Huntington, after the Cold War, the fundamental cause of
international conflicts shall no longer be the ideological difference, but the
clashes of civilizations (Huntington, 1996). I personally believe that, the
differences between the civilizations and ideologies of India and China shall
still be troubling the bilateral relations. In fact, it should not be regarded
as too abnormal. In the open and democratic regional unification of-long course,
there will be disputes and conflicts occurring continuously among participating
nations. Yet the unification may provide a dynamic platform for democratic
exchanges and peaceful negotiations within the framework of international laws
for the common good.
The tension between particular interests and regional or
universal benefits will keep the unification process open-ended as a necessary
condition for steady improvement. A regional unification even demands
continuous incompleteness of any endeavor to keep development in a dialectical
state for constructive opposition and consensus building. The disputes can
obstruct the regional unification process, but they can be resolved somehow.
India’s emerging shall make the situation in balanced manner, reducing the
pressures and fears of other smaller Asian nations. The nations seeking higher
social and economic efficiency by participating in the Asian regional economic
unification will have to conform to the international norms and standards.
The
Asian economic unification as a peace and democratic process will no doubt
accelerate China’s political reform. This will certainly help China to grow to
a strong and solid pier of world peace. Learning from Europe, India and China
should try to improve their relationship with more tolerance and magnanimity.
If these two nations could get rid of the historical resentments and unite as
Germany and France did, the Asian economic unification process will achieve
velocity and gravity. The European experience is revealing clearly that Asians
have to have a new way of thinking and a looking forward attitude to deal with
the non-economic obstacles, cooperating socially and politically. To realize
the unification, Asia must build not only an efficiently integrated economy,
but also a big Asian family with sustained peace.
About The Authors:
Yao Chaocheng , The Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang, China.
Cui Likun, Tibet University for Nationalities, Xianyang, China.
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by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under
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DOI: 10.4236/chnstd.2015.44016 / Download Link - Click Here
