The Role of the Services Sector in the Lao PDR's Economy

This article is an excerpt, taken from Chapter 4: Leveraging Services for Sustainable Growth and Employment from the report titled -"LAO PDR ACCELERATING STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH".

Image Attribute: Pha That Luang, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R / Source: Wikimedia Commons

Image Attribute: Pha That Luang, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R / Source: Wikimedia Commons

The services sector is vital to the Lao PDR’s economic transformation. The services sector grew by an average of 8.8% from 2010–2011 to 2014–2015 and its share of GDP rose from 45.2% in 2010–2011 to an estimated 47.2% in 2014–2015 (Table 1). Services have overtaken industry and agriculture in contribution to national output. In the period covered by the seventh five-year plan, industry targets for GDP growth were achieved, while services grew faster than targeted.

Table 1: GDP Growth and Sectoral Shares in GDP
Table 1: GDP Growth and Sectoral Shares in GDP


The services sector in the Lao PDR, however, is still in its early stage of development. Traditionally, the country has been a rural and agrarian economy and only recently has it ventured into developing manufacturing, tourism, international commerce, and modern services such as finance and information and communication technology (ICT). Also, the country has only started to develop cities, which typically plays a leading role in fostering the development of manufacturing, industry, modern services, higher education, technology, and international finance and trade. The Vientiane Prefecture, which is inhabited by more than 800,000 people as of 2016, is the only major center for modern and other services. Vientiane offers a wide range of job opportunities in government, education, healthcare, banking, and other services. It has the comparative advantage of being the country’s capital for government and business services as well as a major hub for transport and logistics. Vientiane leads major cities in tourism, followed by Luang Prabang.

The services sector is expected to expand further as it progresses in improving ease of doing business in the Lao PDR—such as developing infrastructure services, improving the education and training system, and developing tourism. Its growth in output and employment has resulted in leading other sectors in share of GDP and employment growth. Between 1986 and 2015 during its transition from a centrally planned to a market-oriented economy, the services sector has made significant progress and it is now the major contributor to economic growth. The contribution in generating new jobs, however, has not matched with the increasing share in GDP. While increasing from about 10% in 1990 to 20% in 2010 and to 23% in 2015 its share of total employment is still low compared with most economies with a similar stage of development (Table 2).

Table 2: Share of Services in GDP and Employment, 2015
Table 2: Share of Services in GDP and Employment, 2015

The Lao PDR government survey data show that skills levels typically are comparatively high in services such as public administration, education, and in social work activities, while the majority of the unskilled workers are typically found in wholesale and retail, and accommodation and food services. The predominance of farming and services jobs—both mainly low productivity jobs—suggests that a significant share of employment is informal[1] (Table 4.3).

Table 3: Skilled and Unskilled Workers in the Services Sector (in percentage of service employment)
Table 3: Skilled and Unskilled Workers in the Services Sector (in percentage of service employment)

Services have unique characteristics that greatly affect their tradability, including intangibility and non-storability, but they also typically require differentiation and joint production. To capture these aspects, the World Trade Organization defines trade in services to span four modes of supply:

(i) Mode 1, or cross-border trade, are services supplied from the territory of one country to the territory of another (for example, consultancies, market research, graphic design services); 

(ii) Mode 2, or consumption abroad, are services supplied in the territory of a nation to the consumers of another (for example, tourism, education, health services); 

(iii) Mode 3, or commercial presence, are services supplied through any type of business or professional establishment of one country in the territory of another, for example, foreign direct investment; 

(iv) Mode 4, or presence of natural persons, are services supplied by nationals of a country in the territory of another (for example, a consultant or a health worker supplying their services in the importing country). 

All of these modes are significant to the Lao PDR but weakness in data makes it difficult to assess them. The available data indicate that overall progress in the development of trade services has been limited, with the volume of trade services remaining relatively low. Export of services, however, has grown significantly not only in cross-border trade but also in consumption abroad and as a result of Laotians working in other countries. Export of services continues to be dominated by travel followed by transport and ICT (Table 4).

Table 4: Services Exports of the Lao PDR, 2010–2015 ($ million)

World Bank (2016b) reveals that despite the increase in the Lao PDR’s services exports, the country remains well below its potential. The services export share of GDP during 2015 has been estimated to be around 6.5% with growth concentrated in traditional services such as transport and travel. The services share of the Lao PDR’s total exports was 18.3% in 2015, which is lower than 23.3% in 2010. Travel and transport combined accounted for 85.6% of services exports in 2010, which has increased further to 93.4% by 2015. A further disaggregation reveals that while the share of travel increased from 74.7% in 2010 to 85.0% in 2015, the share of transport declined from 10.9% in 2010 to 8.4% in 2015. 

Low use combined with an inadequate supply of modern services, such as in business, financial, insurance, and ICT (as well as weaknesses in traditional services), have significantly impeded growth in exports and reduced indirect contribution to growth by embedding services in manufacturing exports.[2] The study highlights the weaknesses in developing forward and backward linkages between the manufacturing and services sectors.[3] The study also deduces that the Lao PDR’s growth record in services exports points to comparative advantage in travel and ICT relative to other countries in the world. Exports of travel services led by travel sector growth have increased by an average of 13.1% in 2005 and 2014 (World Bank 2016a) (Table 5).

Table 5: Revealed Comparative Advantage of the Lao PDR in Services, 2000–2014
Table 5: Revealed Comparative Advantage of the Lao PDR in Services, 2000–2014


Furthermore, the Lao PDR experience indicates that production of goods that use services is negatively affected by the unavailability of a wider range of services as well as by the low quality of available services such as in transport, electricity, and in financial services. Thus, these issues need to be addressed by increasing competition in the services sector, reducing distortive and ineffective regulations, opening sectors to foreign participants, and building skills and investment in hard and soft infrastructure (World Bank 2016b).

Publication Detail:

This article is an excerpt, taken from Chapter 4:  Leveraging Services for Sustainable Growth and Employment from the report titled -"LAO PDR ACCELERATING STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH" - written by Edimon Ginting, Kaukab Naqvi, and Raja Mitra for Asian Development Bank Publication as a part of "Country Diagnostic Study".

Copyright Details:

This excerpt is published at IndraStra Global under Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No-Derivatives 3.0 IGO License, provided by the original publisher.

Endnotes:

[1] Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) survey data do not allow us to measure the extent of informal sector employment, i.e., employees with access to social security or employers or own account workers in a registered business (LSB 2010, 2013, and 2015). Nevertheless, the predominance of farming and services jobs—both are characterized by low productivity—suggests that a significant portion of employment is in the informal sector. Disaggregating by employment status, over 40% of employed workers are in unpaid family work, and another 40% are own-account workers. About 9% of the labor force are private wage employees (which could be formal employment in registered firms or informal wage work), and 8% are employed by the public sector (1% in state-owned enterprises and 7% as civil servants (World Bank 2016c).

[2] A recent World Bank report on the Lao PDR states, “almost 90 percent of services inputs used by manufacturers come from distribution and transport, while modern services, such as business, financial, insurance, and ICT services, contribute very little to manufacturing value added. Normally, services sector firms are important suppliers of intermediate inputs to other sectors, especially manufacturing firms. When taking these forward linkages into account, the total contribution of services stands at 21 percent of total exports in Lao PDR. Nonetheless, the contribution of modern services in value-added exports remains very small. Inadequate supply of financial and telecommunication services—representing only 3 percent of total services inputs to manufacturing—may also be a constraint on the diversification and upgrading of manufacturing firms, preventing them from moving up the value chain” (World Bank 2016b).

[3] Forward linkages defined as the value added of a sector that is exported indirectly through exports of other sectors that contain inputs from the sector. Backward linkages defined as the value added from other sectors that are embodied in the value of exports of a particular sector (World Bank 2016b).
Name

-51,1,3D Technology,2,5G,10,Abkhazia,2,Abortion Laws,1,Academics,11,Accidents,22,Activism,1,Adani Group,7,ADB,13,ADIZ,1,Adults,1,Advertising,31,Advisory,2,Aerial Reconnaissance,13,Aerial Warfare,36,Aerospace,5,Afghanistan,88,Africa,115,Agile Methodology,2,Agriculture,21,AI Policy,1,Air Crash,10,Air Defence Identification Zone,1,Air Defense,7,Air Force,29,Air Pollution,1,Airbus,5,Aircraft Carriers,5,Aircraft Systems,6,Al Nusra,1,Al Qaida,4,Al Shabab,1,Alaska,1,ALBA,1,Albania,2,Algeria,3,Alibaba,1,American History,4,AmritaJash,10,Antarctic,1,Antarctica,1,Anthropology,7,Anti Narcotics,12,Anti Tank,1,Anti-Corruption,4,Anti-dumping,1,Anti-Piracy,2,Anti-Submarine,1,Anti-Terrorism Legislation,1,Antitrust,2,APEC,1,Apple,3,Applied Sciences,2,AQAP,2,Arab League,3,Architecture,3,Arctic,6,Argentina,7,Armenia,31,Army,3,Art,3,Artificial Intelligence,84,Artillery,2,Arunachal Pradesh,2,ASEAN,13,Asia,71,Asia Pacific,24,Assassination,2,Asset Management,1,Astrophysics,2,ATGM,1,Atmospheric Science,1,Atomic.Atom,1,Augmented Reality,8,Australia,58,Austria,1,Automation,13,Automotive,133,Autonomous Flight,2,Autonomous Vehicle,4,Aviation,63,AWACS,2,Awards,17,Azerbaijan,17,Azeri,1,B2B,1,Bahrain,9,Balance of Payments,2,Balance of Trade,3,Bali,1,Balkan,10,Balochistan,2,Baltic,3,Baluchistan,8,Bangladesh,30,Banking,53,Bankruptcy,2,Basel,1,Bashar Al Asad,2,Battery Technology,3,Bay of Bengal,5,BBC,2,Beijing,1,Belarus,3,Belgium,1,Belt Road Initiative,3,Beto O'Rourke,1,BFSI,1,Bhutan,13,Big Data,30,Big Tech,1,Bilateral Cooperation,21,BIMSTEC,1,Biodiversity,1,Biography,1,Biology,1,Biotechnology,4,Birth,1,BISA,1,Bitcoin,11,Black Lives Matter,1,Black Money,3,Black Sea,2,Blockchain,33,Blood Diamonds,1,Bloomberg,1,Boeing,21,Boko Haram,7,Bolivia,7,Bomb,3,Bond Market,3,Book,11,Book Review,24,Border Conflicts,13,Border Control and Surveillance,7,Bosnia,1,Brand Management,14,Brazil,107,Brexit,22,BRI,5,BRICS,20,British,3,Broadcasting,16,Brunei,3,Brussels,1,Buddhism,1,Budget,5,Build Back Better,1,Bulgaria,1,Burma,2,Business & Economy,1273,C-UAS,1,California,5,Call for Proposals,1,Cambodia,7,Cameroon,1,Canada,58,Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS),1,Carbon Economy,9,CAREC,1,Caribbean,10,CARICOM,1,Caspian Sea,2,Catalan,3,Catholic Church,1,Caucasus,9,CBRN,1,Cement,1,Central African Republic,1,Central Asia,82,Central Asian,3,Central Banks,1,Central Eastern Europe,49,Certification,1,Chad,2,Chagos Archipelago,1,Chanakya,1,Charity,2,Chatbots,2,Chemicals,7,Chemistry,1,Child Labor,1,Child Marriage,1,Children,4,Chile,10,China,600,Christianity,1,CIA,1,CIS,5,Citizenship,2,Civil Engineering,2,Civil Liberties,5,Civil Rights,2,Civil Society,5,Civil Unrest,1,Civilization,1,Clean Energy,6,Climate,68,Climate Change,29,Climate Finance,2,Climate Studies,2,Clinical Research,3,Clinton,1,Cloud Computing,46,Coal,6,Coast Guard,3,Cocoa,1,Cognitive Computing,13,Cold War,5,Colombia,16,Commodities,5,Communication,13,Communism,3,Compliance,1,Computers,40,Computing,1,Conferences,2,Conflict,117,Conflict Diamonds,1,Conflict Resolution,49,Conflict Resources,1,Congo,2,Construction,5,Consumer Behavior,4,Consumer Price Index,5,COP26,4,COP28,1,COP29,1,Copper,3,Coronavirus,107,Corporate Communication,1,Corporate Governance,4,Corporate Social Responsibility,4,Corruption,4,Costa Rica,2,Counter Intelligence,15,Counter Terrorism,81,COVID,9,COVID Vaccine,6,CPEC,8,CPG,5,Credit,2,Credit Rating,3,Credit Score,1,Crimea,4,Critical Minerals,1,CRM,1,Croatia,2,Crypto Currency,21,Cryptography,1,CSTO,1,Cuba,7,Culture,5,Currency,9,Customer Exeperience,1,Customer Relationship Management,1,Cyber Attack,10,Cyber Crime,2,Cyber Security & Warfare,118,Cybernetics,5,Cyberwarfare,16,Cyclone,1,Cyprus,5,Czech Republic,5,DACA,1,Dagestan,1,DARPA,3,Data,9,Data Analytics,36,Data Center,4,Data Science,2,Database,3,Daughter.Leslee,1,Davos,1,DEA,1,DeBeers,1,Debt,14,Debt Fund,1,Decision Support System,5,Defense,12,Defense Deals,8,Deflation,1,Deforestation,2,Deloitte,1,Democracy,22,Democrats,2,Demographic Studies,2,Demonetization,6,Denmark. F-35,1,Denuclearization,1,Diamonds,1,Digital,39,Digital Currency,3,Digital Economy,11,Digital Marketing,7,Digital Transformation,11,Diplomacy,14,Diplomatic Row,5,Disaster Management,4,Disinformation,2,Diversity & Inclusion,1,Djibouti,2,Documentary,3,Doklam,2,Dokolam,1,Dominica,2,Donald Trump,55,Donetsk,2,Dossier,2,Drones,14,E-Government,2,E-International Relations,1,Earning Reports,4,Earth Science,2,Earthquake,8,East Africa,2,East China Sea,9,eBook,1,Ebrahim Raisi,1,ECB,1,eCommerce,11,Econometrics,2,Economic Indicator,1,Economic Justice,1,Economics,46,Economy,115,ECOWAS,2,Ecuador,4,Edge Computing,2,Editor's Opinion,61,Education,67,EFTA,1,Egypt,28,Election Disinformation,1,Elections,55,Electric Vehicle,15,Electricity,7,Electronics,9,Elon Musk,1,Emerging Markets,1,Employment,23,Energy,317,Energy Policy,28,Energy Politics,27,Engineering,24,England,2,Enterprise Software Solutions,9,Entrepreneurship,15,Environment,48,ePayments,14,Epidemic,6,ESA,1,Ethiopia,4,Eulogy,4,Eurasia,3,Euro,6,Europe,15,European Union,237,EuroZone,5,Exchange-traded Funds,2,Exclusive,2,Exhibitions,2,Explosives,1,Export Import,6,F-35,6,Facebook,9,Fake News,3,Fallen,1,FARC,2,Farnborough. United Kingdom,2,FATF,1,FDI,6,Featured,1439,Federal Reserve,6,Fidel Castro,1,FIFA World Cup,1,Fiji,1,Finance,19,Financial Markets,60,Financial Planning,1,Financial Statement,2,Finland,5,Fintech,15,Fiscal Policy,14,Fishery,3,Five Eyes,1,Floods,2,Food Security,27,Forces,1,Forecasting,3,Foreign Policy,13,Forex,4,France,37,Free Market,1,Free Syrian Army,4,Free Trade Agreement,1,Freedom,3,Freedom of Press,1,Freedom of Speech,2,French Polynesia,1,Frigate,1,FTC,1,Fujairah,97,Fund Management,1,Funding,23,Future,1,G20,10,G24,1,G7,4,Gaddafi,1,Gambia,2,Gambling,1,Gaming,1,Garissa Attack,1,Gas Price,24,GATT,1,Gaza,16,GCC,11,GDP,14,GDPR,1,Gender Studies,3,Geneal Management,1,General Management,1,Generative AI,9,Genetics,1,Geo Politics,105,Geography,2,Geoint,14,Geopolitics,11,Georgia,12,Georgian,1,geospatial,9,Geothermal,2,Germany,72,Ghana,3,Gibratar,1,Gig economy,1,Glaciology,1,Global Markets,2,Global Perception,1,Global Trade,101,Global Warming,1,Global Water Crisis,11,Globalization,3,Gold,5,Google,20,Gorkhaland,1,Government,129,Government Analytics,1,Government Bond,1,GPS,1,Greater Asia,187,Greece,14,Green Bonds,1,Green Energy,3,Greenland,1,Gross Domestic Product,2,GST,1,Gujarat,6,Gulf of Tonkin,1,Gun Control,4,Hacking,5,Haiti,2,Hamas,12,Hasan,1,Health,8,Healthcare,72,Heatwave,2,Helicopter,12,Heliport,1,Hezbollah,3,High Altitude Warfare,1,High Speed Railway System,1,Hillary 2016,1,Hillary Clinton,1,Himalaya,1,Hinduism,2,Hindutva,4,History,10,Home Security,1,Honduras,2,Hong Kong,7,Horn of Africa,5,Housing,17,Houthi,13,Howitzer,1,Human Development,32,Human Resource Management,5,Human Rights,7,Humanitarian,3,Hungary,3,Hunger,3,Hydrocarbon,3,Hydrogen,5,IAEA,2,ICBM,1,Iceland,2,ICO,1,Identification,2,IDF,1,Imaging,2,IMEEC,2,IMF,77,Immigration,21,Impeachment,1,Imran Khan,1,Independent Media,73,India,693,India's,1,Indian Air Force,19,Indian Army,7,Indian Nationalism,1,Indian Navy,28,Indian Ocean,25,Indices,1,Indigenous rights,1,Indo-Pacific,9,Indonesia,25,IndraStra,1,Industrial Accidents,4,Industrial Automation,2,Industrial Safety,4,Inflation,10,Infographic,1,Information Leaks,1,Infrastructure,3,Innovations,22,Insider Trading,1,Insurance,3,Intellectual Property,3,Intelligence,5,Intelligence Analysis,8,Interest Rate,4,International Business,13,International Law,11,International Relations,9,Internet,53,Internet of Things,35,Interview,8,Intra-Government,5,Investigative Journalism,4,Investment,33,Investor Relations,1,IPEF,1,iPhone,1,IPO,4,Iran,213,Iraq,54,IRGC,1,Iron & Steel,5,ISAF,1,ISIL,9,ISIS,33,Islam,12,Islamic Banking,1,Islamic State,86,Israel,154,ISRO,1,IT ITeS,136,Italy,10,Ivory Coast,1,Jabhat al-Nusra,1,Jack Ma,1,Jamaica,3,Japan,95,JASDF,1,Jihad,1,JMSDF,1,Joe Biden,8,Joint Strike Fighter,5,Jordan,7,Journalism,7,Judicial,4,Julian Assange,1,Justice System,3,Kamala Harris,3,Kanchin,1,Kashmir,10,Kaspersky,1,Kazakhstan,26,Kenya,6,Khalistan,2,Kiev,1,Kindle,700,Knowledge Management,4,Korean Conflict,1,Kosovo,2,Kubernetes,1,Kurdistan,8,Kurds,10,Kuwait,7,Kyrgyzstan,9,Labor Laws,10,Labor Market,4,Ladakh,1,Land Reforms,3,Land Warfare,21,Languages,1,Laos,2,Large language models,1,Laser Defense Systems,1,Latin America,84,Law,6,Leadership,3,Lebanon,12,Legal,11,LGBTQ,2,Li Keqiang,1,Liberalism,1,Library Science,1,Libya,14,Liechtenstein,1,Lifestyle,2,Light Battle Tank,1,Linkedin,1,Lithium,1,Lithuania,1,Littoral Warfare,2,Livelihood,3,Loans,11,Lockdown,1,Lone Wolf Attacks,3,Lugansk,2,Macedonia,1,Machine Learning,8,Madagascar,1,Mahmoud,1,Main Battle Tank,3,Malaysia,12,Maldives,13,Mali,7,Malware,2,Management Consulting,6,Manpower,1,Manto,1,Manufacturing,16,Marijuana,1,Marine Biology,1,Marine Engineering,3,Maritime,51,Market Research,2,Marketing,38,Mars,2,Martech,10,Mass Media,30,Mass Shooting,1,Material Science,2,Mauritania,1,Mauritius,3,MDGs,1,Mechatronics,2,Media War,1,MediaWiki,1,Medical,1,Medicare,1,Mediterranean,12,MENA,6,Mental Health,4,Mercosur,2,Mergers and Acquisitions,19,Meta,3,Metadata,2,Metals,4,Mexico,14,Micro-finance,4,Microsoft,12,Migration,19,Mike Pence,1,Military,113,Military Exercise,12,Military Service,2,Military-Industrial Complex,3,Mining,16,Missile Launching Facilities,6,Missile Systems,58,Mobile Apps,3,Mobile Communications,12,Mobility,4,Modi,8,Moldova,1,Monaco,1,Monetary Policy,6,Money Market,2,Mongolia,11,Monkeypox,1,Monsoon,1,Montreux Convention,1,Moon,4,Morocco,2,Morsi,1,Mortgage,3,Moscow,2,Motivation,1,Mozambique,1,Mubarak,1,Multilateralism,2,Mumbai,1,Muslim Brotherhood,2,Mutual Funds,2,Myanmar,30,NAFTA,3,NAM,2,Namibia,1,Nanotechnology,4,Narendra Modi,4,NASA,14,NASDAQ,1,National Identification Card,1,National Security,5,Nationalism,2,NATO,34,Natural Disasters,16,Natural Gas,33,Natural Language Processing,1,Nauru,1,Naval Aviation,1,Naval Base,5,Naval Engineering,24,Naval Intelligence,2,Naval Postgraduate School,2,Naval Warfare,50,Navigation,2,Navy,23,NBC Warfare,2,NDC,1,Nearshoring,1,Negotiations,2,Nepal,13,Netflix,1,Neurosciences,7,New Caledonia,1,New Delhi,4,New Normal,1,New York,5,New Zealand,7,News,1334,News Publishers,1,Newspaper,1,NFT,1,NGO,1,Nicaragua,1,Niger,3,Nigeria,10,Nikki Haley,1,Nirbhaya,1,Noble Prize,1,Non Aligned Movement,1,Non Government Organization,4,Nonproliferation,2,North Africa,23,North America,56,North Korea,60,Norway,5,NSA,1,NSG,2,Nuclear,41,Nuclear Agreement,32,Nuclear Doctrine,2,Nuclear Energy,7,Nuclear Fussion,1,Nuclear Propulsion,2,Nuclear Security,47,Nuclear Submarine,1,NYSE,2,Obama,3,ObamaCare,2,OBOR,15,Ocean Engineering,1,Oceania,2,OECD,5,OFID,5,Oil & Gas,388,Oil Gas,7,Oil Price,77,Olympics,2,Oman,25,Omicron,1,Oncology,1,Online Education,5,Online Reputation Management,1,OPEC,130,Open Access,1,Open Journal Systems,2,Open Letter,1,Open Source,4,OpenAI,2,Operation Unified Protector,1,Operational Research,4,Opinion,709,Opinon Poll,1,Optical Communications,1,Pacific,5,Pakistan,183,Pakistan Air Force,3,Pakistan Army,1,Pakistan Navy,3,Palestine,27,Palm Oil,1,Pandemic,84,Papal,1,Paper,3,Papers,110,Papua New Guinea,2,Paracels,1,Partition,1,Partnership,1,Party Congress,1,Passport,1,Patents,2,PATRIOT Act,1,Payment Orchestration,1,Peace Deal,6,Peacekeeping Mission,1,Pension,1,People Management,1,Persian Gulf,19,Peru,6,Petrochemicals,1,Petroleum,19,Pharmaceuticals,15,Philippine,1,Philippines,19,Philosophy,2,Photos,3,Physics,1,Pipelines,6,PLA,2,PLAN,4,Plastic Industry,2,Poland,8,Polar,1,Policing,1,Policy,8,Policy Brief,6,Political Studies,1,Politics,56,Polynesia,3,Pope,1,Population,7,Portugal,1,Poverty,8,Power Transmission,6,Preprint,1,President APJ Abdul Kalam,2,Presidential Election,35,Press Release,158,Prison System,1,Privacy,18,Private Debt Fund,1,Private Equity,3,Private Military Contractors,2,Privatization,1,Programming,1,Project Management,4,Propaganda,5,Protests,14,Psychology,3,Public Policy,55,Public Relations,1,Public Safety,7,Publications,1,Publishing,8,Purchasing Managers' Index,1,Putin,7,Q&A,1,Qatar,114,QC/QA,1,Qods Force,1,Quad,1,Quantum Computing,4,Quantum Physics,4,Quarter Results,2,Racial Justice,2,RADAR,2,Rahul Guhathakurta,4,Railway,9,Raj,1,Ranking,4,Rape,1,RBI,1,RCEP,2,Real Estate,7,Recall,4,Recession,2,Red Sea,6,Referendum,5,Reforms,18,Refugee,23,Regional,4,Regulations,2,Rehabilitation,1,Religion,1,Religion & Spirituality,9,Renewable,18,Report,4,Reports,54,Repository,1,Republicans,3,Rescue Operation,2,Research,5,Research and Development,25,Restructuring,1,Retail,36,Revenue Management,1,Revenue-based Financing,1,Rice,1,Risk Management,5,Robotics,8,Rohingya,5,Romania,3,Royal Canadian Air Force,1,Rupee,1,Russia,328,Russian Navy,6,Saab,1,Saadat,1,SAARC,6,Safety,1,SAFTA,1,SAM,2,Samoa,1,Sanctions,6,SAR,1,SAT,1,Satellite,14,Saudi Arabia,130,Scandinavia,6,Science & Technology,407,Science Fiction,1,SCO,5,Scotland,6,Scud Missile,1,Sea Lanes of Communications,4,SEBI,4,Securities,2,Security,6,Semiconductor,21,Senate,4,Senegal,1,SEO,5,Serbia,4,Services Sector,1,Seychelles,3,SEZ,1,Shadow Bank,1,Shale Gas,4,Shanghai,1,Sharjah,12,Shia,6,Shinzo Abe,1,Shipping,11,Shutdown,2,Siachen,1,Sierra Leone,1,Signal Intelligence,1,Sikkim,5,Silicon Valley,1,Silk Route,6,Simulations,2,Sinai,1,Singapore,17,Situational Awareness,20,Small Modular Nuclear Reactors,1,Smart Cities,7,Smartphones,1,Social Media,1,Social Media Intelligence,40,Social Policy,40,Social Science,1,Social Security,1,Socialism,1,Sociology,1,Soft Power,1,Software,8,Software Engineering,1,Solar Energy,17,Somalia,5,South Africa,20,South America,55,South Asia,498,South China Sea,37,South East Asia,84,South Korea,68,South Sudan,4,Sovereign Wealth Funds,1,Soviet,2,Soviet Union,9,Space,47,Space Station,3,Spaceflight,1,Spain,9,Special Education,1,Special Forces,1,Sports,3,Sports Diplomacy,1,Spratlys,1,Sri Lanka,26,Stablecoin,1,Stamps,1,Startups,43,State,1,State of the Union,1,Statistics,1,STEM,1,Stephen Harper,1,Stock Markets,29,Storm,2,Strategy Games,5,Strike,1,Sub-Sahara,4,Submarine,16,Sudan,6,Sunni,6,Super computing,1,Supply Chain Management,48,Surveillance,13,Survey,5,Sustainable Development,18,Swami Vivekananda,1,Sweden,4,Switzerland,6,Syria,114,Taiwan,34,Tajikistan,12,Taliban,17,Tamar Gas Fields,1,Tamil,1,Tanzania,4,Tariff,5,Tata,3,Taxation,25,Tech Fest,1,Technology,13,Tel-Aviv,1,Telecom,24,Telematics,1,Territorial Disputes,1,Terrorism,78,Testing,2,Texas,3,Thailand,12,The Middle East,665,Think Tank,317,Tibet,3,TikTok,2,Tim Walz,1,Tobacco,1,Tonga,1,Total Quality Management,2,Town Planning,3,TPP,2,Trade Agreements,14,Trade War,10,Trademarks,1,Trainging and Development,1,Transcaucasus,22,Transcript,4,Transpacific,2,Transportation,47,Travel and Tourism,16,Tsar,1,Tunisia,7,Turkey,75,Turkmenistan,10,U.S. Air Force,3,U.S. Dollar,2,UAE,140,UAV,23,UCAV,1,Udwains,1,Uganda,1,Ukraine,117,Ukraine War,30,Ummah,1,UNCLOS,8,Unemployment,2,UNESCO,1,UNHCR,1,UNIDO,2,United Kingdom,86,United Nations,29,United States,788,University and Colleges,4,Uranium,2,Urban Planning,10,US Army,12,US Army Aviation,1,US Congress,1,US Dollar,1,US FDA,1,US Navy,18,US Postal Service,1,US Senate,1,US Space Force,2,USA,16,USAF,22,USV,1,UUV,1,Uyghur,3,Uzbekistan,13,Valuation,1,Vatican,3,Vedant,1,Venezuela,22,Venture Capital,4,Vibrant Gujarat,1,Victim,1,Videogames,1,Vietnam,26,Virtual Reality,7,Vision 2030,1,VPN,1,Wahhabism,3,War,1,War Games,1,Warfare,1,Water,18,Water Politics,8,Weapons,11,Wearable,2,Weather,2,Webinar,1,WeChat,1,WEF,3,Welfare,1,West,2,West Africa,19,West Bengal,2,Western Sahara,2,Whales,1,White House,1,Whitepaper,2,WHO,3,Wholesale Price Index,1,Wikileaks,2,Wikipedia,3,Wildfire,1,Wildlife,3,Wind Energy,1,Windows,1,Wireless Security,1,Wisconsin,1,Women,10,Women's Right,14,Workers Union,1,Workshop,1,World Bank,40,World Economy,33,World Peace,10,World War I,1,World War II,3,WTO,6,Wyoming,1,Xi Jinping,9,Xinjiang,2,Yemen,29,Yevgeny Prigozhin,1,Zbigniew Brzezinski,1,Zimbabwe,2,
ltr
item
IndraStra Global: The Role of the Services Sector in the Lao PDR's Economy
The Role of the Services Sector in the Lao PDR's Economy
This article is an excerpt, taken from Chapter 4: Leveraging Services for Sustainable Growth and Employment from the report titled -"LAO PDR ACCELERATING STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH".
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tPIZgDJMjVSpTw1V-K2SuWwvpkV47he0AP_m10eB6WFUANMwVPLe1CdxrlmULVVBujguZE2ZvBRuB37n1Y9f9hlE6KZZkNWGDJu5jGWatB0SXOHLkU510mxqFM2PAJs2mRIsqEwfG4As/s640/Pha_That_Luang%252C_Vientiane%252C_Lao_P.D.R.jpg
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tPIZgDJMjVSpTw1V-K2SuWwvpkV47he0AP_m10eB6WFUANMwVPLe1CdxrlmULVVBujguZE2ZvBRuB37n1Y9f9hlE6KZZkNWGDJu5jGWatB0SXOHLkU510mxqFM2PAJs2mRIsqEwfG4As/s72-c/Pha_That_Luang%252C_Vientiane%252C_Lao_P.D.R.jpg
IndraStra Global
https://www.indrastra.com/2017/12/Role-of-Services-Sector-in-Lao-PDR-Economy-003-12-2017-0006.html
https://www.indrastra.com/
https://www.indrastra.com/
https://www.indrastra.com/2017/12/Role-of-Services-Sector-in-Lao-PDR-Economy-003-12-2017-0006.html
true
1461303524738926686
UTF-8
Loaded All Posts Not found any posts VIEW ALL Readmore Reply Cancel reply Delete By Home PAGES POSTS View All RECOMMENDED FOR YOU LABEL ARCHIVE SEARCH ALL POSTS Not found any post match with your request Back Home Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat January February March April May June July August September October November December Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec just now 1 minute ago $$1$$ minutes ago 1 hour ago $$1$$ hours ago Yesterday $$1$$ days ago $$1$$ weeks ago more than 5 weeks ago Followers Follow THIS PREMIUM CONTENT IS LOCKED STEP 1: Share to a social network STEP 2: Click the link on your social network Copy All Code Select All Code All codes were copied to your clipboard Can not copy the codes / texts, please press [CTRL]+[C] (or CMD+C with Mac) to copy Table of Content