THE PAPER | China’s “New Silk Road” Strategy: “Belt” versus “Road”

: China has advocated a new theorem of great power diplomacy under the “New Silk Road” Strategy. Wherein, the center of gravity lies in the creation of an economic land belt and a maritime road that connects Asia, Africa, and Europe.

By Amrita Jash
Editor-in-Chief, IndraStra Global

THE PAPER | China’s “New Silk Road” Strategy: “Belt” versus “Road”

The first train connecting China to Iran via the ancient Silk Road has arrived in the Iranian capital Tehran after traveling for 14 days in a journey of over 10,000 kilometers on February 15th, 2016
Source: Mehdi Bolourian, Fars News Agency

Abstract: China has advocated a new theorem of great power diplomacy under the “New Silk Road” Strategy. Wherein, the center of gravity lies in the creation of an economic land belt and a maritime road that connects Asia, Africa, and Europe. In this view, China’s mammoth initiative of reviving the historical Silk Road appears as the creation of a new world order that challenges the existing status quo of the United States dominated Western global order. It also marks a major shift in China’s foreign policy, as it significantly draws from its domestic pursuit of the “Chinese Dream”. Thereby, it can be rightly stated that this strategic move characterizes “China’s Rise” both as a regional as well as a global power defined by “Chinese characteristics” -- wherein, China is making new rules to play the game of global power politics.

Keywords: China, New Silk Road, One Belt, One Road, Power Politics 

Introduction:

The twenty-first century of international politics is often dubbed in the rubric of “China rise”, as the epicenter of global politics is said to be anchored in the expanding political and economic clout of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). In this stage of metamorphosis of the international system resulting into the gradual shifting of the balance of power from the West to the East, the world seems to watch the dragon’s (China) dance in the east. That is, China’s growing assertive posture in the South China Sea and East China Sea and so on, but the dragon seems to be looking the other way towards the West -- in defining new contours of its global power politics. The PRC, under the command of its supreme leader President Xi Jinping, aims to fulfill the grand vision of the “Chinese Dream” by realizing the “great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” The ambition lies in realizing the twin centenary goals: first, to double the 2010 GDP per capita income and build a moderately prosperous society by 2021, when the Communist Party of China marks its 100th anniversary; and second, to turn China into an all-around modern and socially advanced country by 2049, when the People’s Republic marks its centenary (Deepak, 2014).

In this attempt to revive China’s ancient glory, President Xi Jinping propounded the idea of reviving the ancient “Silk Road” -- recalling China’s historical role in the trade linkages that connected Asia and Europe. During Xi Jinping’s visit to Central Asia and Southeast Asia in 2013, he put forward the concept of jointly building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road -- thereafter, officially dubbed as “One Belt, One Road”. The idea of the “belt” was officially announced in his 7 September 2013 speech at Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan, when Xi stated:

“To forge closer economic ties, deepen cooperation and expand development in the Euro-Asia region, we should take an innovative approach and jointly build an ‘economic belt’ along the silk road. This will be a great undertaking benefitting the people of all countries along the route”(Ibid).

Later, the initiative for building the “road” was proposed by Xi in his October speech before the People’s Representative Council of Indonesia in order to promote deepened economic and maritime links. In addition, Xi also publicized the idea to establish the Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank (AIIB).

This mammoth conception of creating a “New Silk Road” via land and sea routes entered the stage of practical operation in 2014 with Chinese Premier Le Keqiang’s call for the “intensification of the planning and building of a Silk Road economic belt and a 21st century maritime Silk Road” in the Report on the Work of the Government (p.17) as delivered in the 12th National People’s Congress on 5 March 2014. Later that same year, the initiative gained momentum with 21 Asian countries signing the Memorandum of Understanding on Establishing AIIB, as founding members on 24 October 2014 in Beijing, followed by President Xi Jinping’s proclamation in November 2014 that China would contribute $40 billion to set up the Silk Road Fund to improve the trade and transport links in Asia (Page, 2014). In January 2015, the New Silk Road initiative gained further intensification with the increase in AIIB members to 26. Then, in March 2015, and despite opposition from the US, Britain became the first Western country to apply to join the AIIB as a Prospective Founding Member (PFM). This gave way to other major Western countries (France, Italy, Germany, and Australia) joining also. With the growing popularity of Xi’s visionary idea of connecting Asia to Europe, a “historic step” was taken forward in Beijing on 29 June 2015 as the framework Agreement for the operations of the Chinese-led AIIB was officially signed by 50 PFMs -- which aims for $100 billion in initial capital (Tiezzi, 2015). With this succession of events, it is clear that China’s “One Belt, One Road” strategy is treading on a real path with a pragmatic approach. This exemplifies China’s aspiration to become the geopolitical and geo-strategic center for contemporary international politics.

Thereby, in this context, it can be rightly stated that in pursuit of the grand “Chinese Dream”, Xi Jinping’s “New Silk Road” initiative, as conceptualized in the “One Belt, One Road” framework, is reflective of China’s active diplomacy tactic. This tactic aims to improve and strengthen China’s diplomatic relations with global powers (both big and small) in the international sphere in order to further its own objective of rejuvenating the Chinese nation and its people through the creation of new trade networks and infrastructure investment along the “New Silk Road.” These trade networks will, it seems, be both along land through the “Silk Road Economic Belt” as well as the sea with the “21st-Century Maritime Silk Road.”

What Lies Behind the Making of the “Belt” and the “Road?” 

The objective behind China’s “One Belt, One Road” strategy can be understood in the systemic challenges that restrict China rise as a global player on the international stage. This can be assessed in the growing security and strategic threats that severely challenge China’s great power politics syndrome. 

China is attempting to implement this new assertive external posture as its historically rapid economic growth slows, which threatens the stability of the country. The nation has also faced energy insecurity, and economic and domestic instabilities caused by Uyghur separatist actions in Xinjiang and other areas. Despite these internal woes, China’s main concern revolves externally around the “US-factor”, whereby, China faces a severe challenge to its expanding influence in the east by the United States’ “pivot to Asia” policy, as the US and its allies (e.g., South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Australia, and India) aim to contain China in the Asia-Pacific region. For instance, US-driven trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), and the EU-Japan agreement show comprehensive liberalization agendas that exclude China. This exclusion clearly outlines the US objective of containing China (Chi, 2015). In response to US trade policies, China, with its “One Belt, One Road” initiative, plans to negotiate free-trade agreements with 65 countries along the One Belt, One Road periphery. In addition, China-led AIIB is seen as the Chinese effort to undercut the dominance of Western economic institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; thereby, defining new rules in the international system. Thus, in this view, Xi Jinping’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative provides a strategic survival tactic for China. What lies at the core of these policies is the key interest to fulfill its national security agenda by securing and safeguarding its economic growth through expanding its interest to the West; thus, further legitimizing the Chinese Communist Party’s rule in China.

In this rubric of thought, the National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China released the official article “Visions and Actions on building the ‘Silk Road economic Belt’ and ‘21st-Century Maritime Silk Road’ in March 2015. Acknowledging the increasing complexities in the international sphere, the article highlights that the “One Belt, One Road” is aimed at

“promoting orderly and free flow of economic factors, highly efficient allocation of resources and deep integration of markets; encouraging the countries along the Belt and Road to achieve economic policy coordination and carry out broader and more in-depth regional cooperation of higher standards; and jointly creating an open, inclusive and balanced regional economic cooperation architecture that benefits all.” 

Furthermore, it states that the aim is to 

“promote the connectivity of Asian, European and African continents and their adjacent seas, establish and strengthen partnerships among the countries along the Belt and Road, set up all-dimensional, multi-tiered and composite connectivity networks and realize diversified, independent, balanced and sustainable development in these countries.” 

Therefore, China’s “New Silk Road” initiative aims for a win-win cooperation that promotes common development and prosperity and a road towards peace and friendship by enhancing mutual understanding and trust, and strengthening all round exchanges.

China’s “New Silk Road” as “One Belt, One Road”: Objectives and Interests

China’s “New Silk Road” is mainly a two-pronged strategy. The first focuses on the overland infrastructure development through Central Asia -- the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, while the second forces the expansion of maritime shipping routes through the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf –- the “Maritime Silk Road” (McBride, 2015). What is important to note is, that by financing railways, roads, ports and power lines, China wants to build its good neighborhood policy through geo-economics and thereby, contribute towards a bolsting China’s economic growth and development, making China Asia’s leading investor as well as financier. In this view, by adopting such a strategy, China seeks to streamline foreign trade, ensure stable energy supplies, promote Asian infrastructure development, and consolidate Beijing’s regional role (Ibid).


Map Attribute: James McBride and Julia Ro - CFR

In this plan of action, one of the objectives is to “break the connectivity bottleneck” in Asia and beyond, which has seriously hindered development in many developing countries. China wants to do so by building infrastructure in these countries. Therefore, in this light, many scholars have argued that China’s New Silk Road strategy is a Chinese version of the “Marshall Plan”-- wherein China wants to use such initiatives to seek influence and even dominance in Asia (Chen, 2014). It has been argued that “the belt and the road” provides opportunities to expand Chinese influence while also showcasing Beijing’s softer side. With its “win-win” equation, China can foster a softer image for itself while boosting its regional influence (Tiezzi, 2014). But in this regard, Chinese scholars have denounced such criticism by maintaining the policy of “Three Nos”: non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations; not to seek the so called “sphere of influence”; and not to strive for hegemony or dominance equally applies to the “One Belt One Road” policy (Shi, 2014). Chinese official position clearly dismisses any “Marshal Plan” motive. As the government document on “Visions and Actions” clearly posits, “The Belt and Road Initiative is in line with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter” and “upholds the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.” 


Based on this foundation, the framework of China’s New Silk Road initiative is 

“a way for win-win cooperation that promotes common development and prosperity and a road towards peace and friendship by enhancing mutual understanding and trust, and strengthening all-round exchanges. The Chinese government advocates peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit” (National development and Reform Commission, 2015). 

That is, China stands for absolute gains over relative gains by means of One Belt, One Road. 

China’s “One Belt” Versus “One Road” Strategy 

The “Visions and Actions…” statement defines the Belt and Road to 

“run through the continents of Asia, Europe and Africa, connecting the vibrant East Asia economic circle at one end and developed European economic circle at the other, and encompassing countries with huge potential for economic development.” 

Here, the key to “One Belt, One Road” lies in the development of an unblocked road and rail network between China and Europe. In doing so, the plan involves more than 60 countries, representing a third of the world’s total economy and more than half of the global population.

 A. The “Silk Road Economic Belt” as the “One Belt” 

The “Silk Road Economic Belt” comprises of a land route that focuses on bringing together China, Central Asia, Russia, and Europe (the Baltic); linking China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea through Central Asia and West Asia; and connecting China with Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the Indian Ocean.

Map Attribute: Maritime Insight 2015, 10.


Map Attribute: Maritime Insight 2015, 10.

In this light, the Chinese initiative aims to jointly build a new Eurasian Land Bridge and develop the China-Mongolia-Russia, China-Central Asia-West Asia, and China-Indochina Peninsula economic corridors by taking advantage of international transport routes, relying on core cities along the Belt and Road and using key economic industrial parks as cooperation platforms (National Development and Reform Commission, 2015). The “Belt” will be a network comprising of rail routes, overland roads, oil and natural gas pipelines, and other infrastructure projects. It will stretch from Xi’an in central China, through Central Asia, and ultimately reach Moscow, Rotterdam, and Venice (Maritime Insight, 2015, 10). 

With its land-route strategy, China aims to benefit by building a better economic connectivity that will fulfill China’s own domestic objectives. Additionally, China wants to enrich its underdeveloped border regions through the creation of new trade zones in order to avoid ethnic tensions, such as, the separatist and terrorist activities in Xinjiang. Funding from the $40 billion Silk Road fund, the AIIB, the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB), and China’s policy banks will finance the infrastructure buildup along the land route.

B. The “21st-Century Maritime Silk Road” as the “One Road”

The 21st-Century maritime Silk Road is designed to go from China’s coast to Europe through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean in one route, and also from China’s coast through the South China Sea to the South Pacific. The “Road” is a maritime network of port and other coastal infrastructure from South and Southeast Asia to East Africa and the northern Mediterranean Sea (Ibid).

Map Attribute:Maritime Insight 2015, 11.


Map Attribute:Maritime Insight 2015, 11.

In its trajectory, the Maritime Silk Road (MSR) begins in Fuzhou in Southeast China’s Fuzhou Province, heads south into the ASEAN nations, crosses the Malacca Strait, and turns West to countries along the Indian Ocean before meeting the land based Silk Road in Venice via the Red Sea and Mediterranean. Under the ambit of MSR, China plans to build hard and soft infrastructure from Indo-Pacific to Africa, including transport, energy, water management, communication, earth monitoring, economic, and social infrastructure (Deepak, 2014). 

With this sea-route strategy, China has already financed new ports in the Indian Ocean in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. While the primary focus is mainly to seek commercial benefits, China is also building up its naval power in order to safeguard its maritime trade routes. Most importantly, the sea route will serve China’s core interests in the South China Sea, where China faces a severe threat -- the “Malacca Dilemma”, at the Straits of Malacca -- a strategic choke point to China’s free flow of trade and energy supplies along the Sea Lanes of Communication. In this light, at sea, the initiative will focus on jointly building smooth, secure, and efficient transport routes connecting major sea ports along the Belt and Road. In this case, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor are closely related to the Belt and Road Initiative (National Development and reform Commission, 2015). China’s sea route buildup has taken roots with the financing of $46 billion investment in Pakistan, building the 3000 km long CPEC from the Arabian Sea to Xinjiang in northwest China; wherein, the route will begin in Gwadar. Therefore, the “21st Century Silk Road” is to build new port infrastructure that links to inland transport networks, increase the number of international sea routes, improve logistics (including through enhanced usage of information technology), dismantle trade and investment barriers, and deepen financial integration by greater use of the renminbi (Chi, 2015, 6).

Conclusion:

In an overall analysis, it can be stated that the significance of this grand strategic vision of building the “New Silk Road” via land and sea routes lies in its strategic importance as it deems to serve China’s interests both domestically and internationally. With respect to its great power ambitions, the “One Belt, One Road” initiative is likely to greatly expand China’s influence, both economically and strategically, in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, America, and Latin America. Most importantly, the initiative seeks to safeguard China’s core national interests that lie in securing its economic growth. As with a secured land and sea route controlled by China, its trade and economic supplies remain secured from the challenges posed by United States at various choke points. This grandiose vision holds a greater potential of strengthening China’s growth model and providing an alternative to the existing western economic model. In addition, as opposed to the dominance of the “dollar”, China’s “renminbi” has the potential of becoming a major global currency, thereby, defying the existing norms in the international system and thus, is most likely to change the rules of the way global politics is played in the international sphere. That is, China is set to change the existing status quo of the international sphere by its “Chinese characteristics” of “One Belt, One Road”- connecting Asia to Europe. The world will watch closely as China implements its grand vision of the “New Chinese Dream.”

About the Author:

Amrita Jash is Editor-in-Chief at IndraStra Global, New York-U.S.A. She has published in various national and international journals and discussion forums. Her research interests are: China’s foreign policy, security and strategic issues. She is also a Doctoral Candidate in Chinese Studies at the Centre for East Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-India. She has pursued M.Phil in Chinese Studies (2013) and M.A. in International Relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University. She can be reached at: www.amritajash.in or @amritajash

Publication Details:

This paper was published at International Affairs Forum Volume on Migration and Statelessness., Download the volume - link

Cite this Article:

Jash, A. China’s “New Silk Road” Strategy: “Belt” versus “Road””, International Affairs Forum on “A World on the Move: Migration and Statelessness”, Volume 1, Issue 1, Winter 2016, Washington DC, pp. 116-123.

References:

1. Chen, Dingding. “China’s ‘Marshall Plan’ is much more.” The Diplomat, November 10, 2014. 

2. Chi, Lo. “China’s “One Belt One Road”: The Land and Sea Strategies (Part 2 of 2).” BNP Paribas, July 8,  2015. 

3. ——. “The economics and politics of China’s New Silk Road.” South China Morning Post, June 30, 2015.  

4. Deepak, B.R. “One Belt One Road: China at the Centre of the Global Geopolitics and Geo-economics.” South Asia Analysis, Paper No. 5838, December 4, 2014.  

5. Li, Keqiang. “Report on the Work of the Government.” Delivered at the Second Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress, March 5, 2014. 

6. McBride, James. “Building the New Silk Road.” Backgrounder: Council on Foreign Relations, May 25, 2015. 

7. National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. “Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century maritime Silk Road.” March 28, 2015. 

8. Page, Jeremy. “China to contribute $40 billion to Silk Road Fund.” The Wall Street Journal, November 8, 2014. 

9. Shi, Zi. ““One Road & One Belt” New Thinking With Regard to Concepts and Practice.” Lecture delivered at the 30th anniversary of Conference of the Schiller Institute, Germany, October 14, 2014. 

10. “The Memorandum of Understanding on Establishing the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was signed in Beijing.” AIIB, October 24, 2014. 

11. “The One Belt, One Road Initiatives.” Maritime Insight, Issue 1, June 2015. 

12. Tiezzi, Shannon. “The New Silk Road: China’s Marshall Plan?.” The Diplomat, November 6, 2014. 

13. ——-. “‘Historic’ AIIB Signing Marks Beginning of New Era, China Says.” The Diplomat, June 30, 2015.

Name

-51,1,3D Technology,2,5G,10,Abkhazia,2,Abortion Laws,1,Academics,11,Accidents,22,Activism,1,Adani Group,7,ADB,13,ADIZ,1,Adults,1,Advertising,31,Advisory,2,Aerial Reconnaissance,13,Aerial Warfare,36,Aerospace,5,Afghanistan,88,Africa,115,Agile Methodology,2,Agriculture,21,AI Policy,1,Air Crash,10,Air Defence Identification Zone,1,Air Defense,7,Air Force,29,Air Pollution,1,Airbus,5,Aircraft Carriers,5,Aircraft Systems,6,Al Nusra,1,Al Qaida,4,Al Shabab,1,Alaska,1,ALBA,1,Albania,2,Algeria,3,Alibaba,1,American History,4,AmritaJash,10,Antarctic,1,Antarctica,1,Anthropology,7,Anti Narcotics,12,Anti Tank,1,Anti-Corruption,4,Anti-dumping,1,Anti-Piracy,2,Anti-Submarine,1,Anti-Terrorism Legislation,1,Antitrust,2,APEC,1,Apple,3,Applied Sciences,2,AQAP,2,Arab League,3,Architecture,3,Arctic,6,Argentina,7,Armenia,31,Army,3,Art,3,Artificial Intelligence,84,Artillery,2,Arunachal Pradesh,2,ASEAN,13,Asia,71,Asia Pacific,24,Assassination,2,Asset Management,1,Astrophysics,2,ATGM,1,Atmospheric Science,1,Atomic.Atom,1,Augmented Reality,8,Australia,58,Austria,1,Automation,13,Automotive,133,Autonomous Flight,2,Autonomous Vehicle,4,Aviation,63,AWACS,2,Awards,17,Azerbaijan,17,Azeri,1,B2B,1,Bahrain,9,Balance of Payments,2,Balance of Trade,3,Bali,1,Balkan,10,Balochistan,2,Baltic,3,Baluchistan,8,Bangladesh,30,Banking,53,Bankruptcy,2,Basel,1,Bashar Al Asad,2,Battery Technology,3,Bay of Bengal,5,BBC,2,Beijing,1,Belarus,3,Belgium,1,Belt Road Initiative,3,Beto O'Rourke,1,BFSI,1,Bhutan,13,Big Data,30,Big Tech,1,Bilateral Cooperation,21,BIMSTEC,1,Biodiversity,1,Biography,1,Biology,1,Biotechnology,4,Birth,1,BISA,1,Bitcoin,11,Black Lives Matter,1,Black Money,3,Black Sea,2,Blockchain,33,Blood Diamonds,1,Bloomberg,1,Boeing,21,Boko Haram,7,Bolivia,7,Bomb,3,Bond Market,3,Book,11,Book Review,24,Border Conflicts,13,Border Control and Surveillance,7,Bosnia,1,Brand Management,14,Brazil,107,Brexit,22,BRI,5,BRICS,20,British,3,Broadcasting,16,Brunei,3,Brussels,1,Buddhism,1,Budget,5,Build Back Better,1,Bulgaria,1,Burma,2,Business & Economy,1273,C-UAS,1,California,5,Call for Proposals,1,Cambodia,7,Cameroon,1,Canada,58,Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS),1,Carbon Economy,9,CAREC,1,Caribbean,10,CARICOM,1,Caspian Sea,2,Catalan,3,Catholic Church,1,Caucasus,9,CBRN,1,Cement,1,Central African Republic,1,Central Asia,82,Central Asian,3,Central Banks,1,Central Eastern Europe,49,Certification,1,Chad,2,Chagos Archipelago,1,Chanakya,1,Charity,2,Chatbots,2,Chemicals,7,Chemistry,1,Child Labor,1,Child Marriage,1,Children,4,Chile,10,China,600,Christianity,1,CIA,1,CIS,5,Citizenship,2,Civil Engineering,2,Civil Liberties,5,Civil Rights,2,Civil Society,5,Civil Unrest,1,Civilization,1,Clean Energy,6,Climate,68,Climate Change,29,Climate Finance,2,Climate Studies,2,Clinical Research,3,Clinton,1,Cloud Computing,46,Coal,6,Coast Guard,3,Cocoa,1,Cognitive Computing,13,Cold War,5,Colombia,16,Commodities,5,Communication,13,Communism,3,Compliance,1,Computers,40,Computing,1,Conferences,2,Conflict,117,Conflict Diamonds,1,Conflict Resolution,49,Conflict Resources,1,Congo,2,Construction,5,Consumer Behavior,4,Consumer Price Index,5,COP26,4,COP28,1,COP29,1,Copper,3,Coronavirus,107,Corporate Communication,1,Corporate Governance,4,Corporate Social Responsibility,4,Corruption,4,Costa Rica,2,Counter Intelligence,15,Counter Terrorism,81,COVID,9,COVID Vaccine,6,CPEC,8,CPG,5,Credit,2,Credit Rating,3,Credit Score,1,Crimea,4,Critical Minerals,1,CRM,1,Croatia,2,Crypto Currency,21,Cryptography,1,CSTO,1,Cuba,7,Culture,5,Currency,9,Customer Exeperience,1,Customer Relationship Management,1,Cyber Attack,10,Cyber Crime,2,Cyber Security & Warfare,118,Cybernetics,5,Cyberwarfare,16,Cyclone,1,Cyprus,5,Czech Republic,5,DACA,1,Dagestan,1,DARPA,3,Data,9,Data Analytics,36,Data Center,4,Data Science,2,Database,3,Daughter.Leslee,1,Davos,1,DEA,1,DeBeers,1,Debt,14,Debt Fund,1,Decision Support System,5,Defense,12,Defense Deals,8,Deflation,1,Deforestation,2,Deloitte,1,Democracy,22,Democrats,2,Demographic Studies,2,Demonetization,6,Denmark. F-35,1,Denuclearization,1,Diamonds,1,Digital,39,Digital Currency,3,Digital Economy,11,Digital Marketing,7,Digital Transformation,11,Diplomacy,14,Diplomatic Row,5,Disaster Management,4,Disinformation,2,Diversity & Inclusion,1,Djibouti,2,Documentary,3,Doklam,2,Dokolam,1,Dominica,2,Donald Trump,55,Donetsk,2,Dossier,2,Drones,14,E-Government,2,E-International Relations,1,Earning Reports,4,Earth Science,2,Earthquake,8,East Africa,2,East China Sea,9,eBook,1,Ebrahim Raisi,1,ECB,1,eCommerce,11,Econometrics,2,Economic Indicator,1,Economic Justice,1,Economics,46,Economy,115,ECOWAS,2,Ecuador,4,Edge Computing,2,Editor's Opinion,61,Education,67,EFTA,1,Egypt,28,Election Disinformation,1,Elections,55,Electric Vehicle,15,Electricity,7,Electronics,9,Elon Musk,1,Emerging Markets,1,Employment,23,Energy,317,Energy Policy,28,Energy Politics,27,Engineering,24,England,2,Enterprise Software Solutions,9,Entrepreneurship,15,Environment,48,ePayments,14,Epidemic,6,ESA,1,Ethiopia,4,Eulogy,4,Eurasia,3,Euro,6,Europe,15,European Union,237,EuroZone,5,Exchange-traded Funds,2,Exclusive,2,Exhibitions,2,Explosives,1,Export Import,6,F-35,6,Facebook,9,Fake News,3,Fallen,1,FARC,2,Farnborough. United Kingdom,2,FATF,1,FDI,6,Featured,1439,Federal Reserve,6,Fidel Castro,1,FIFA World Cup,1,Fiji,1,Finance,19,Financial Markets,60,Financial Planning,1,Financial Statement,2,Finland,5,Fintech,15,Fiscal Policy,14,Fishery,3,Five Eyes,1,Floods,2,Food Security,27,Forces,1,Forecasting,3,Foreign Policy,13,Forex,4,France,37,Free Market,1,Free Syrian Army,4,Free Trade Agreement,1,Freedom,3,Freedom of Press,1,Freedom of Speech,2,French Polynesia,1,Frigate,1,FTC,1,Fujairah,97,Fund Management,1,Funding,23,Future,1,G20,10,G24,1,G7,4,Gaddafi,1,Gambia,2,Gambling,1,Gaming,1,Garissa Attack,1,Gas Price,24,GATT,1,Gaza,16,GCC,11,GDP,14,GDPR,1,Gender Studies,3,Geneal Management,1,General Management,1,Generative AI,9,Genetics,1,Geo Politics,105,Geography,2,Geoint,14,Geopolitics,11,Georgia,12,Georgian,1,geospatial,9,Geothermal,2,Germany,72,Ghana,3,Gibratar,1,Gig economy,1,Glaciology,1,Global Markets,2,Global Perception,1,Global Trade,101,Global Warming,1,Global Water Crisis,11,Globalization,3,Gold,5,Google,20,Gorkhaland,1,Government,129,Government Analytics,1,Government Bond,1,GPS,1,Greater Asia,187,Greece,14,Green Bonds,1,Green Energy,3,Greenland,1,Gross Domestic Product,2,GST,1,Gujarat,6,Gulf of Tonkin,1,Gun Control,4,Hacking,5,Haiti,2,Hamas,12,Hasan,1,Health,8,Healthcare,72,Heatwave,2,Helicopter,12,Heliport,1,Hezbollah,3,High Altitude Warfare,1,High Speed Railway System,1,Hillary 2016,1,Hillary Clinton,1,Himalaya,1,Hinduism,2,Hindutva,4,History,10,Home Security,1,Honduras,2,Hong Kong,7,Horn of Africa,5,Housing,17,Houthi,13,Howitzer,1,Human Development,32,Human Resource Management,5,Human Rights,7,Humanitarian,3,Hungary,3,Hunger,3,Hydrocarbon,3,Hydrogen,5,IAEA,2,ICBM,1,Iceland,2,ICO,1,Identification,2,IDF,1,Imaging,2,IMEEC,2,IMF,77,Immigration,21,Impeachment,1,Imran Khan,1,Independent Media,73,India,693,India's,1,Indian Air Force,19,Indian Army,7,Indian Nationalism,1,Indian Navy,28,Indian Ocean,25,Indices,1,Indigenous rights,1,Indo-Pacific,9,Indonesia,25,IndraStra,1,Industrial Accidents,4,Industrial Automation,2,Industrial Safety,4,Inflation,10,Infographic,1,Information Leaks,1,Infrastructure,3,Innovations,22,Insider Trading,1,Insurance,3,Intellectual Property,3,Intelligence,5,Intelligence Analysis,8,Interest Rate,4,International Business,13,International Law,11,International Relations,9,Internet,53,Internet of Things,35,Interview,8,Intra-Government,5,Investigative Journalism,4,Investment,33,Investor Relations,1,IPEF,1,iPhone,1,IPO,4,Iran,213,Iraq,54,IRGC,1,Iron & Steel,5,ISAF,1,ISIL,9,ISIS,33,Islam,12,Islamic Banking,1,Islamic State,86,Israel,154,ISRO,1,IT ITeS,136,Italy,10,Ivory Coast,1,Jabhat al-Nusra,1,Jack Ma,1,Jamaica,3,Japan,95,JASDF,1,Jihad,1,JMSDF,1,Joe Biden,8,Joint Strike Fighter,5,Jordan,7,Journalism,7,Judicial,4,Julian Assange,1,Justice System,3,Kamala Harris,3,Kanchin,1,Kashmir,10,Kaspersky,1,Kazakhstan,26,Kenya,6,Khalistan,2,Kiev,1,Kindle,700,Knowledge Management,4,Korean Conflict,1,Kosovo,2,Kubernetes,1,Kurdistan,8,Kurds,10,Kuwait,7,Kyrgyzstan,9,Labor Laws,10,Labor Market,4,Ladakh,1,Land Reforms,3,Land Warfare,21,Languages,1,Laos,2,Large language models,1,Laser Defense Systems,1,Latin America,84,Law,6,Leadership,3,Lebanon,12,Legal,11,LGBTQ,2,Li Keqiang,1,Liberalism,1,Library Science,1,Libya,14,Liechtenstein,1,Lifestyle,2,Light Battle Tank,1,Linkedin,1,Lithium,1,Lithuania,1,Littoral Warfare,2,Livelihood,3,Loans,11,Lockdown,1,Lone Wolf Attacks,3,Lugansk,2,Macedonia,1,Machine Learning,8,Madagascar,1,Mahmoud,1,Main Battle Tank,3,Malaysia,12,Maldives,13,Mali,7,Malware,2,Management Consulting,6,Manpower,1,Manto,1,Manufacturing,16,Marijuana,1,Marine Biology,1,Marine Engineering,3,Maritime,51,Market Research,2,Marketing,38,Mars,2,Martech,10,Mass Media,30,Mass Shooting,1,Material Science,2,Mauritania,1,Mauritius,3,MDGs,1,Mechatronics,2,Media War,1,MediaWiki,1,Medical,1,Medicare,1,Mediterranean,12,MENA,6,Mental Health,4,Mercosur,2,Mergers and Acquisitions,19,Meta,3,Metadata,2,Metals,4,Mexico,14,Micro-finance,4,Microsoft,12,Migration,19,Mike Pence,1,Military,113,Military Exercise,12,Military Service,2,Military-Industrial Complex,3,Mining,16,Missile Launching Facilities,6,Missile Systems,58,Mobile Apps,3,Mobile Communications,12,Mobility,4,Modi,8,Moldova,1,Monaco,1,Monetary Policy,6,Money Market,2,Mongolia,11,Monkeypox,1,Monsoon,1,Montreux Convention,1,Moon,4,Morocco,2,Morsi,1,Mortgage,3,Moscow,2,Motivation,1,Mozambique,1,Mubarak,1,Multilateralism,2,Mumbai,1,Muslim Brotherhood,2,Mutual Funds,2,Myanmar,30,NAFTA,3,NAM,2,Namibia,1,Nanotechnology,4,Narendra Modi,4,NASA,14,NASDAQ,1,National Identification Card,1,National Security,5,Nationalism,2,NATO,34,Natural Disasters,16,Natural Gas,33,Natural Language Processing,1,Nauru,1,Naval Aviation,1,Naval Base,5,Naval Engineering,24,Naval Intelligence,2,Naval Postgraduate School,2,Naval Warfare,50,Navigation,2,Navy,23,NBC Warfare,2,NDC,1,Nearshoring,1,Negotiations,2,Nepal,13,Netflix,1,Neurosciences,7,New Caledonia,1,New Delhi,4,New Normal,1,New York,5,New Zealand,7,News,1334,News Publishers,1,Newspaper,1,NFT,1,NGO,1,Nicaragua,1,Niger,3,Nigeria,10,Nikki Haley,1,Nirbhaya,1,Noble Prize,1,Non Aligned Movement,1,Non Government Organization,4,Nonproliferation,2,North Africa,23,North America,56,North Korea,60,Norway,5,NSA,1,NSG,2,Nuclear,41,Nuclear Agreement,32,Nuclear Doctrine,2,Nuclear Energy,7,Nuclear Fussion,1,Nuclear Propulsion,2,Nuclear Security,47,Nuclear Submarine,1,NYSE,2,Obama,3,ObamaCare,2,OBOR,15,Ocean Engineering,1,Oceania,2,OECD,5,OFID,5,Oil & Gas,388,Oil Gas,7,Oil Price,77,Olympics,2,Oman,25,Omicron,1,Oncology,1,Online Education,5,Online Reputation Management,1,OPEC,130,Open Access,1,Open Journal Systems,2,Open Letter,1,Open Source,4,OpenAI,2,Operation Unified Protector,1,Operational Research,4,Opinion,709,Opinon Poll,1,Optical Communications,1,Pacific,5,Pakistan,183,Pakistan Air Force,3,Pakistan Army,1,Pakistan Navy,3,Palestine,27,Palm Oil,1,Pandemic,84,Papal,1,Paper,3,Papers,110,Papua New Guinea,2,Paracels,1,Partition,1,Partnership,1,Party Congress,1,Passport,1,Patents,2,PATRIOT Act,1,Payment Orchestration,1,Peace Deal,6,Peacekeeping Mission,1,Pension,1,People Management,1,Persian Gulf,19,Peru,6,Petrochemicals,1,Petroleum,19,Pharmaceuticals,15,Philippine,1,Philippines,19,Philosophy,2,Photos,3,Physics,1,Pipelines,6,PLA,2,PLAN,4,Plastic Industry,2,Poland,8,Polar,1,Policing,1,Policy,8,Policy Brief,6,Political Studies,1,Politics,56,Polynesia,3,Pope,1,Population,7,Portugal,1,Poverty,8,Power Transmission,6,Preprint,1,President APJ Abdul Kalam,2,Presidential Election,35,Press Release,158,Prison System,1,Privacy,18,Private Debt Fund,1,Private Equity,3,Private Military Contractors,2,Privatization,1,Programming,1,Project Management,4,Propaganda,5,Protests,14,Psychology,3,Public Policy,55,Public Relations,1,Public Safety,7,Publications,1,Publishing,8,Purchasing Managers' Index,1,Putin,7,Q&A,1,Qatar,114,QC/QA,1,Qods Force,1,Quad,1,Quantum Computing,4,Quantum Physics,4,Quarter Results,2,Racial Justice,2,RADAR,2,Rahul Guhathakurta,4,Railway,9,Raj,1,Ranking,4,Rape,1,RBI,1,RCEP,2,Real Estate,7,Recall,4,Recession,2,Red Sea,6,Referendum,5,Reforms,18,Refugee,23,Regional,4,Regulations,2,Rehabilitation,1,Religion,1,Religion & Spirituality,9,Renewable,18,Report,4,Reports,54,Repository,1,Republicans,3,Rescue Operation,2,Research,5,Research and Development,25,Restructuring,1,Retail,36,Revenue Management,1,Revenue-based Financing,1,Rice,1,Risk Management,5,Robotics,8,Rohingya,5,Romania,3,Royal Canadian Air Force,1,Rupee,1,Russia,328,Russian Navy,6,Saab,1,Saadat,1,SAARC,6,Safety,1,SAFTA,1,SAM,2,Samoa,1,Sanctions,6,SAR,1,SAT,1,Satellite,14,Saudi Arabia,130,Scandinavia,6,Science & Technology,407,Science Fiction,1,SCO,5,Scotland,6,Scud Missile,1,Sea Lanes of Communications,4,SEBI,4,Securities,2,Security,6,Semiconductor,21,Senate,4,Senegal,1,SEO,5,Serbia,4,Services Sector,1,Seychelles,3,SEZ,1,Shadow Bank,1,Shale Gas,4,Shanghai,1,Sharjah,12,Shia,6,Shinzo Abe,1,Shipping,11,Shutdown,2,Siachen,1,Sierra Leone,1,Signal Intelligence,1,Sikkim,5,Silicon Valley,1,Silk Route,6,Simulations,2,Sinai,1,Singapore,17,Situational Awareness,20,Small Modular Nuclear Reactors,1,Smart Cities,7,Smartphones,1,Social Media,1,Social Media Intelligence,40,Social Policy,40,Social Science,1,Social Security,1,Socialism,1,Sociology,1,Soft Power,1,Software,8,Software Engineering,1,Solar Energy,17,Somalia,5,South Africa,20,South America,55,South Asia,498,South China Sea,37,South East Asia,84,South Korea,68,South Sudan,4,Sovereign Wealth Funds,1,Soviet,2,Soviet Union,9,Space,47,Space Station,3,Spaceflight,1,Spain,9,Special Education,1,Special Forces,1,Sports,3,Sports Diplomacy,1,Spratlys,1,Sri Lanka,26,Stablecoin,1,Stamps,1,Startups,43,State,1,State of the Union,1,Statistics,1,STEM,1,Stephen Harper,1,Stock Markets,29,Storm,2,Strategy Games,5,Strike,1,Sub-Sahara,4,Submarine,16,Sudan,6,Sunni,6,Super computing,1,Supply Chain Management,48,Surveillance,13,Survey,5,Sustainable Development,18,Swami Vivekananda,1,Sweden,4,Switzerland,6,Syria,114,Taiwan,34,Tajikistan,12,Taliban,17,Tamar Gas Fields,1,Tamil,1,Tanzania,4,Tariff,5,Tata,3,Taxation,25,Tech Fest,1,Technology,13,Tel-Aviv,1,Telecom,24,Telematics,1,Territorial Disputes,1,Terrorism,78,Testing,2,Texas,3,Thailand,12,The Middle East,665,Think Tank,317,Tibet,3,TikTok,2,Tim Walz,1,Tobacco,1,Tonga,1,Total Quality Management,2,Town Planning,3,TPP,2,Trade Agreements,14,Trade War,10,Trademarks,1,Trainging and Development,1,Transcaucasus,22,Transcript,4,Transpacific,2,Transportation,47,Travel and Tourism,16,Tsar,1,Tunisia,7,Turkey,75,Turkmenistan,10,U.S. Air Force,3,U.S. Dollar,2,UAE,140,UAV,23,UCAV,1,Udwains,1,Uganda,1,Ukraine,117,Ukraine War,30,Ummah,1,UNCLOS,8,Unemployment,2,UNESCO,1,UNHCR,1,UNIDO,2,United Kingdom,86,United Nations,29,United States,788,University and Colleges,4,Uranium,2,Urban Planning,10,US Army,12,US Army Aviation,1,US Congress,1,US Dollar,1,US FDA,1,US Navy,18,US Postal Service,1,US Senate,1,US Space Force,2,USA,16,USAF,22,USV,1,UUV,1,Uyghur,3,Uzbekistan,13,Valuation,1,Vatican,3,Vedant,1,Venezuela,22,Venture Capital,4,Vibrant Gujarat,1,Victim,1,Videogames,1,Vietnam,26,Virtual Reality,7,Vision 2030,1,VPN,1,Wahhabism,3,War,1,War Games,1,Warfare,1,Water,18,Water Politics,8,Weapons,11,Wearable,2,Weather,2,Webinar,1,WeChat,1,WEF,3,Welfare,1,West,2,West Africa,19,West Bengal,2,Western Sahara,2,Whales,1,White House,1,Whitepaper,2,WHO,3,Wholesale Price Index,1,Wikileaks,2,Wikipedia,3,Wildfire,1,Wildlife,3,Wind Energy,1,Windows,1,Wireless Security,1,Wisconsin,1,Women,10,Women's Right,14,Workers Union,1,Workshop,1,World Bank,40,World Economy,33,World Peace,10,World War I,1,World War II,3,WTO,6,Wyoming,1,Xi Jinping,9,Xinjiang,2,Yemen,29,Yevgeny Prigozhin,1,Zbigniew Brzezinski,1,Zimbabwe,2,
ltr
item
IndraStra Global: THE PAPER | China’s “New Silk Road” Strategy: “Belt” versus “Road”
THE PAPER | China’s “New Silk Road” Strategy: “Belt” versus “Road”
: China has advocated a new theorem of great power diplomacy under the “New Silk Road” Strategy. Wherein, the center of gravity lies in the creation of an economic land belt and a maritime road that connects Asia, Africa, and Europe.
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2b_N3hyphenhyphenmF0vO7vVjj2Mzp-iTQRsfQurMEFmijZkBNCAIVKRYzx7531eJSlXoPGKiXRNgUpMOZTqt9thExkd5xigHES5t39DZ5atYi2wMPNiN7AY9PVK4KkEYQHvV_RLNsRBwmoZ9fxMW/s640/IRAN-CHINA-TRAIN.jpg
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2b_N3hyphenhyphenmF0vO7vVjj2Mzp-iTQRsfQurMEFmijZkBNCAIVKRYzx7531eJSlXoPGKiXRNgUpMOZTqt9thExkd5xigHES5t39DZ5atYi2wMPNiN7AY9PVK4KkEYQHvV_RLNsRBwmoZ9fxMW/s72-c/IRAN-CHINA-TRAIN.jpg
IndraStra Global
https://www.indrastra.com/2016/06/PAPER-China-s-New-Silk-Road-Strategy-Belt-Versus-Road-002-06-2016-0004.html
https://www.indrastra.com/
https://www.indrastra.com/
https://www.indrastra.com/2016/06/PAPER-China-s-New-Silk-Road-Strategy-Belt-Versus-Road-002-06-2016-0004.html
true
1461303524738926686
UTF-8
Loaded All Posts Not found any posts VIEW ALL Readmore Reply Cancel reply Delete By Home PAGES POSTS View All RECOMMENDED FOR YOU LABEL ARCHIVE SEARCH ALL POSTS Not found any post match with your request Back Home Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat January February March April May June July August September October November December Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec just now 1 minute ago $$1$$ minutes ago 1 hour ago $$1$$ hours ago Yesterday $$1$$ days ago $$1$$ weeks ago more than 5 weeks ago Followers Follow THIS PREMIUM CONTENT IS LOCKED STEP 1: Share to a social network STEP 2: Click the link on your social network Copy All Code Select All Code All codes were copied to your clipboard Can not copy the codes / texts, please press [CTRL]+[C] (or CMD+C with Mac) to copy Table of Content