By Abdelrasaq Nal Within the purview of contemporary international development discourse, China, alongside other regional powers are ...
By Abdelrasaq Nal
Within the purview of contemporary international development discourse, China, alongside other regional powers are perceived as growth poles or drivers of global development. In the context of Africa’s development around which some of the emergent issues have been framed, analyses often proceed along a bilateral framework where the influence of China is isolated and assumed to be neither connected with nor shaped by the influences of other growth poles. Inspired by recent development in policy circles, this paper develops a multi-polar framework to explain ways by which dimensions of possible interactions amongst activities of growth poles can affect development outcomes in other regions. It is then used to demonstrate how a nexus of Sino-EU activities has had limited impact on the development of Africa’s manufactured exports in comparison with similar nexus involving China and US.
Image Attribute: China Africa Project
Introduction:
Following the
emergence of Asia, particularly China, as a credible challenger to the economic
dominance of The West, a seemingly unending debate over what this means for
global development was provoked1. In the context of Africa’s
development around which some of the very important issues have been raised,
analyses often proceed along a bipolar framework where the economics of
interaction between China and Africa is conceptualized and inferences made
(Jenkings and Edwards, [1]
; Jenkings and Edwards, [2]
; Na-Allah and Muchie, [3]
). A key assumption in literatures of this kind is usually that China is an
independent actor whose influence is isolated from, unconnected with and unshaped
by the influences of other global powers.
But signaling a
fundamental departure from this traditional line of analysis is a recent policy
move by the European Union (EU) and China to adopt a multilateral framework in
their efforts to contribute towards Africa’s development. Precisely, at the
tenth China-European Union (EU) Summit held in Beijing in November 2007, the
seed for what was to manifest later in 2008 as a trilateral approach to
development cooperation was sowed (European Commission, [4]
). Also known as the EU-China-Africa Dialogue the framework specifically aims
to contribute to Africa’s development through the process of identification and
pursuit of areas of common interests between EU, Africa and China while at the
same time addressing differences through dialogue (Wissenbach, [5]
).
Attempts to capture
the dynamics of this sort of multi-polar interaction in current studies of the
impact of China have been limited. One strand of analysis focuses on China as a
competitor to Africa either in third markets or in attracting foreign direct
investment (FDI) from third regions (Jenkins and Edwards, [2]
). A major limitation of this type of exercise is that China’s influence is
still taken to be a product of its own solitary action/attraction and not of such
action/attraction interacting with those of other growth drivers.
In Jenkins and
Edwards [2] , however, we find what arguably, is the closest attempt
yet at explaining how a Sino-Global effort could actually influence the course
of development in some other locations. As argued, this may occur if for
instance, foreign investment flow into China stimulates, as part of integrated
production systems, complementary investment flow into neighboring regions
participating in the production network. We can interpret this to mean an
indirect case of China’s attraction as FDI destination interacting with the
actions of FDI providers (other growth drives) to produce development outcomes
in third regions.
Another way of
looking at it could be to speculate in a more direct way that both China and
other growth poles can individually initiate actions whose combined effects
would have developmental consequences for other poles. This is the line of
analysis we pursue in this paper. We conceptualize a model in which different
combinations of actions undertaken by growth poles are assumed to impact
differently on economic performances of other poles. Then situating the model
in the context of China’s impact on Africa we demonstrate how a nexus of
Sino-EU activities has had limited impact on the development of Africa’s
manufactured exports in comparison with similar nexus involving China and US.
Conclusion:
As the search for better
understanding of how the rise of China is impacting on development outcome in
Africa continues, this paper has provided a glimpse of evidence on how a multi-polar
approach to the analysis can be insightful. We moved from the premise that
there are development outcomes that can be detected when activities of growth poles
are seen as interacting with and complimenting one another that may not be
visible when each of them is considered in isolation. This framework was then
applied to a Sino-Global-Africa context to study how different combinations of
China’s partnerships with other growth poles influenced the course of
development in Africa. The main result of our exercise revealed that the
interaction of values externalized by the EU and China had far less impact on
development outcome in Africa than the interactions of similar values
externalized by the US and China. In other words, when we considered the
combined effect of market access privileges and transfer of production
technology that the US and China respectively externalized to African
countries, we found that African exports responded far more significantly than
responses attributable to similar combination of values externalized by China
and EU.
It is simply that any growth
pole interested in making meaningful impacts on development in other regions
must be sensitive to how their own activities interact with activities of other
growth poles. On the part of beneficiaries as well, making the most out of
their integration with growth poles would require that their policymakers focus
on the collective rather than the individual attractions of actors they engage
with.
About The Author:
Abdelrasaq Nal, Department of Economics
& Development Studies, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria and Institute for Economics
Research on Innovation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South
Africa
References:
1. Jenkins, R. and Edwards, C. (2005) The Effect of
China and India’s Growth and Trade Liberalization on Poverty in Africa.
Enterplan/ODG, Report to DFID DCP70. Reading.
2. Jenkings, R. and Edwards, C. (2006) The Economic
Impacts of China and India on Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends and Prospects. Journal
of Asian Economics, 17, 207-225.
3. Na-Allah, A. and Muchie, M. (2010) Industrial
Upgrading in Sub-Sahara Africa: The Competitive Impact of China on Supplier
Linkage Development Potentials of Resident Asian Entrepreneurs. International
Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 3, 272-292.
4. European Commission (2008) The EU, Africa and
China: Towards Trilateral Dialogue and Cooperation.
5. Wissenbach, U. (2009) The EU’s Response to China’s
Africa Safari: Can Triangular Co-Operation Match Needs & Quest? The
European Journal of Development Research, 21, 662-674.
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