In recent years, U.S. multinational companies have sharply increased the amount of money that they book to foreign subsidiaries. An April 2015 study by research firm Audit Analytics found that the Russell 1000 list of U.S. companies collectively reported having nearly $2.3 trillion held offshore. That is more than double the income reported offshore in 2008.
By Robert S. McIntyre,
Richard Phillips and Phineas Baxandall
"Cash
Booked Offshore for Tax Purposes by U.S. Multinationals Doubled between 2008
and 2014"
In recent
years, U.S. multinational companies have sharply increased the amount of money
that they book to foreign subsidiaries. An April 2015 study by research firm
Audit Analytics found that the Russell 1000 list of U.S. companies collectively
reported having nearly $2.3 trillion held offshore. That is more than double
the income reported offshore in 2008.
For many
companies, increasing profits held offshore does not mean building factories
abroad, selling more products to foreign customers, or doing any additional
real business activity in other countries. Instead, many companies use
accounting tricks to disguise their profits as “foreign,” and book them to a
subsidiary in a tax haven to avoid taxes.
The practice
of artificially shifting profits to tax havens has increased in recent years.
In 1999, the profits American multinationals reported earning in Bermuda
represented 260 percent of that country’s entire economy. In 2008, it was up to
1,000 percent. More offshore profit shifting means more U.S. taxes avoided by
American multinationals.
A 2007 study
by tax expert Kimberly Clausing of Reed College estimated that the revenue lost
to the Treasury due to offshore tax haven abuse by corporations totaled $60
billion annually. In 2011, she updated her estimate to $90 billion.17
The
286 Fortune 500 Companies that report offshore profits collectively hold $2.1
trillion offshore, with 30 companies accounting for 65 percent of the total.
By the end of
2014, the 286 Fortune 500 companies that report holding offshore cash had
collectively accumulated over $2.1 trillion that they declare to be
“permanently reinvested” abroad. (This designation allows them to avoid
counting the taxes they have “deferred” as a future cost in their financial
reports to shareholders.)
While 57
percent of Fortune 500 companies report having income offshore, some companies
shift profits offshore far more aggressively than others. The 30 companies with
the most money offshore account for $1.4 trillion of the total. In other words,
just 30 Fortune 500 companies account for 65 percent of the offshore cash.
Not all
companies report how much cash they have “permanently reinvested offshore,” so
the finding that 286 companies report offshore profits does not include all
cash booked offshore. For example, Northrop Grumman reported in 2011 having
$761 million offshore. But since 2012, the defense contractor has reported that
it continues to have permanently reinvested earnings, but no longer specifies
how much.
Suggested Measures to Stop This Abuse:
The most
comprehensive solution to ending tax haven abuse would be to stop permitting
U.S. multinational corporations to indefinitely defer paying U.S. taxes on
profits they attribute to their foreign subsidiaries. In other words, companies
should pay taxes on their foreign income at the same rate and time that they
pay them on their domestic income. Paying U.S. taxes on this overseas income
would not constitute “double taxation” because the companies already subtract
any foreign taxes they have paid from their U.S. tax bill, and that would not
change. Ending “deferral” could raise nearly $900 billion over ten years,
according to the both the Congressional Joint Committee on Taxation and the
U.S. Treasury Department.
The best way
to deal with existing profits being held offshore would be to tax them through
a deemed repatriation at the full 35 percent rate (minus foreign taxes paid).
President Obama has proposed a much lower rate of 14 percent, which would allow
large multinational corporations to avoid around $400 billion in taxes that
they owe. Former Republican Ways and Means Chairman Dave Camp proposed a rate
of only 8.75 percent, which would allow large multinational corporations to
avoid around $450 billion in taxes that they owe. At a time of fiscal austerity,
there is no reason that companies should get hundreds of billions in tax
benefits to reward them for their offshore income.
Reject a
“territorial” tax system. Tax haven abuse would be worse under a system in
which companies could shift profits to tax haven countries, pay minimal or no
tax under those countries’ tax laws, and then freely use the profits in the
United States without paying any U.S. taxes. The JCT estimates that switching
to a territorial tax system could add almost $300 billion to the deficit over
ten years.
Reject the
creation of a so-called “innovation” or “patent box.” Some lawmakers are trying
to create a new loophole in the code by giving companies a preferential tax
rate on income earned from patents, trademarks, and other “intellectual
property” which is easy to assign to offshore subsidiaries. Such a policy would
be an unjustified and ineffective giveaway to multinational U.S. corporations.
Require full
and honest reporting to expose tax haven abuses under specified transparency protocols. Multinational corporations
should report their profits on a country-by country basis so they can’t mislead
each nation about the share of their income that was taxed in the other
countries. An annual survey of CEOs around the globe done by
PricewaterhouseCoopers found that nearly 60 percent of the CEOs support this
reform as a way to clamp down on avoidance.
At Last, but not the least - Close the most
egregious offshore loopholes
Policy makers
can take some basic commonsense steps to curtail some of the most obvious and
brazen ways that some companies abuse offshore tax havens.
- Cooperate with the OECD and its member countries to implement the recommendations of the group’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, which represents a modest first step toward international coordination to end corporate tax avoidance.
- Close the inversion loophole by treating an entity that results from a U.S.-foreign merger as an American corporation if the majority (as opposed to 80 percent) of voting stock is held by shareholders of the former American corporation. These companies should be treated as U.S. companies if they are managed and controlled in the U.S. and have significant business activities in the U.S.
- Stop companies from shifting intellectual property (e.g. patents, trademarks, licenses) to shell companies in tax haven countries and then paying inflated fees to use them. This common practice allows companies to legally book profits that were earned in the U.S. to the tax haven subsidiary owning the patent. Limited reforms proposed by President Obama could save taxpayers $21.3 billion over ten years, according to the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT).
- Reform the so-called “check-the-box” rules to stop multinational companies from manipulating how they define their status to minimize their taxes. Right now, companies can make inconsistent claims to maximize their tax advantages, telling one country that a subsidiary is a corporation while telling another country the same entity is a partnership or some other form.
- Stop companies from taking bigger tax credits than the law intends for the taxes they pay to foreign countries by reforming foreign tax credits. Proposals to “pool” foreign tax credits would save $58.6 billion over ten years, according to the JCT.
- Stop companies from deducting interest expenses paid to their own offshore affiliates, which put off paying taxes on that income. Right now, an offshore subsidiary of a U.S. company can defer paying taxes on interest income it collects from the U.S.- based parent, even while the U.S. parent claims those interest payments as a tax deduction. This reform would save $51.4 billion over ten years, according to the JCT.
This article is an extract from a detailed report titled "Offshore Shell Games 2015", published by U.S. PIRG under Creative Common License 3.0
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